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Cefodizime
Cefodizime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotic with broad spectrum activity against aerobic gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Clinically, it has been shown to be effective against upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea. Cefodizime is a bactericidal antibiotic that targets penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1A/B, 2, and 3 resulting in the eventual death of the bacterial cell. ''In vivo'' experimental models of infection showed that bacterial clearance by this drug is at least as effective compared with other 3rd generation cephalosporins. It has similar adverse effect profile to other 3rd generation cephalosporins as well, mainly being limited to gastrointestinal or dermatological side effects.
It is not currently approved by the FDA for use in the United States.
== Efficacy and susceptibility ==
Cefodizime demonstrated superior clinical efficacy that what could be predicted from its ''in vitro'' experimental results. Certain immunomodulatory properties of the drug might account for its increased ''in vivo'' activity against specific bacterial species. These immunomodulatory properties stimulate some phagocyte and lymphocyte cellular functions when they have been impaired.〔 It was shown in a 2004 study that cefodizime increased expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in neutrophils stimulated by ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' infection which then affected the production of cytokines in the stimulated cells.
A 1992 study conducted in vitro susceptibility studies for cefodizime and found that gram negative bacteria with consistent susceptibility include: ''Enterobacteriaceae'' including ''E. coli'', ''Klebsiella pneumonia'', ''Morganella morganii'', ''Proteus mirabilis'', ''P. vulgaris'', ''Shigella sonnei'', ''Yersinia enterocolitica'', ''Salmonella'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Moraxella catarrhalis'', ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', and ''Neisseria meningitidis''. ''In vitro'' susceptible gram positive bacteria include: methicillin-sensitive ''Staphylococcus aureus'', and ''Streptococcus agalactiae'', ''S. pneumoniae'' and ''S. pyogenes''. Cefodizime was shown to be ineffective ''in vitro'' against ''Enterobacter spp.'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and ''Xanthomonas maltophilia''. Gram positive bacteria it was inactive against include ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' and ''methicillin-resistant ''Streptococcus aureus''. In this trial, bacteria were considered susceptible if 90% or more of the strains were inhibited by cefodizime concentrations of at least 8 mg/L ''in vitro''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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