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The cosmopolitan bee genus ''Ceratina'', often referred to as small carpenter bees, is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies (where one bee forages and the other remains in the nest and lays eggs). One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina (Neoceratina) australensis, which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry. Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines. ''Ceratina'' are commonly dark, shining, even metallic bees, with fairly sparse body hairs and a weak scopa on the hind tibia. Most species have some yellow markings, most often restricted to the face, but often elsewhere on the body. They are very commonly mistaken for "sweat bees" (family Halictidae), due to their small size, metallic coloration, and some similarity in wing venation; they can be easily separated from halictids by the mouthparts (with a long glossa) and the hindwings (with a tiny jugal lobe). A few species are exceptional among bees in that they are parthenogenetic, reproducing without males. ==Species== * ''Ceratina abdominalis'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina acantha'' Provancher, 1895 * ''Ceratina accusator'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina acuta'' Friese, 1896 * ''Ceratina aeneiceps'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina aenescens'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina aereola'' Vachal, 1903 * ''Ceratina ahngeri'' Kokujev, 1905 * ''Ceratina alberti'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina albopicta'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina albosticta'' Cockerell, 1931 * ''Ceratina alexandrae'' Baker, 2002 * ''Ceratina aliceae'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina allodapoides'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina aloes'' Cockerell, 1932 * ''Ceratina apacheorum'' Daly, 1973 * ''Ceratina arabiae'' (Daly, 1983) * ''Ceratina arizonensis'' Cockerell, 1898 * ''Ceratina armata'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina aspera'' Schrottky, 1902 * ''Ceratina asunciana'' Strand, 1910 * ''Ceratina asuncionis'' Strand, 1910 * ''Ceratina atopura'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina atra'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina atrata'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina augochloroides'' Ducke, 1911 * ''Ceratina auriviridis'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina australensis'' (Perkins, 1912) * ''Ceratina azteca'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Ceratina azurea'' Benoist, 1955 * ''Ceratina bakeri'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina ballotae'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina barbarae'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina beata'' Cameron, 1897 * ''Ceratina belizensis'' Baker, 1907 * ''Ceratina benguetensis'' Cockerell, 1916 * ''Ceratina bhawani'' Bingham, 1908 * ''Ceratina bicolorata'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina bicuneata'' Cockerell, 1918 * ''Ceratina biguttulata'' (Moure, 1941) * ''Ceratina bilobata'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina binghami'' Cockerell, 1908 * ''Ceratina bipes'' Cockerell, 1920 * ''Ceratina bispinosa'' Handlirsch, 1889 * ''Ceratina boninensis'' Yasumatsu, 1955 * ''Ceratina bowringi'' Baker, 2002 * ''Ceratina braunsi'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina braunsiana'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina breviceps'' Michener, 1954 * ''Ceratina bryanti'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina buscki'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina calcarata'' Robertson, 1900 * ''Ceratina callosa'' (Fabricius, 1794) * ''Ceratina canarensis'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina capitosa'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina carinifrons'' Baker, 2002 * ''Ceratina catamarcensis'' Schrottky, 1907 * ''Ceratina chalcea'' Spinola, 1841 * ''Ceratina chalcites'' Germar, 1839 * ''Ceratina chalybea'' Chevrier, 1872 * ''Ceratina chinensis'' (Wu, 1963) * ''Ceratina chloris'' (Fabricius, 1804) * ''Ceratina christellae'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina chrysocephala'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''Ceratina chrysomalla'' Gerstäcker, 1869 * ''Ceratina citrinifrons'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina citriphila'' Cockerell, 1935 * ''Ceratina cladura'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina claripennis'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina cobaltina'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Ceratina cockerelli'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina cognata'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina collusor'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina combinata'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina compacta'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina congoensis'' Meunier, 1890 * ''Ceratina coptica'' Baker, 2002 * ''Ceratina corinna'' Nurse, 1904 * ''Ceratina correntina'' Schrottky, 1907 * ''Ceratina cosmiocephala'' Cameron, 1908 * ''Ceratina crassiceps'' Friese, 1925 * ''Ceratina crewi'' Cockerell, 1903 * ''Ceratina cucurbitina'' (Rossi, 1792) * ''Ceratina cupreiventris'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina cuprifrons'' Strand, 1910 * ''Ceratina cyanea'' (Kirby, 1802) * ''Ceratina cyanicollis'' Schrottky, 1902 * ''Ceratina cyaniventris'' Cresson, 1865 * ''Ceratina cyanura'' Cockerell, 1918 * ''Ceratina cypriaca'' Mavromoustakis, 1954 * ''Ceratina dallatorreana'' Friese, 1896 * ''Ceratina dalyi'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina daressalamica'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina darwini'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina demotica'' Baker, 2002 * ''Ceratina denesi'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina dentipes'' Friese, 1914 * ''Ceratina dentiventris'' Gerstäcker, 1869 * ''Ceratina diligens'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina diloloensis'' Cockerell, 1932 * ''Ceratina dimidiata'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina diodonta'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina duckei'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina dupla'' Say, 1837 * ''Ceratina eburneopicta'' Cockerell, 1911 * ''Ceratina ecuadoria'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina egeria'' Nurse, 1904 * ''Ceratina electron'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina elisabethae'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina emeiensis'' Wu, 2000 * ''Ceratina emigrata'' Cockerell, 1924 * ''Ceratina ericia'' Vachal, 1903 * ''Ceratina esakii'' Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1969 * ''Ceratina excavata'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina eximia'' Smith, 1862 * ''Ceratina fastigiata'' Fox, 1896 * ''Ceratina ferghanica'' Morawitz, 1875 * ''Ceratina flavipes'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina flavolateralis'' Cockerell, 1916 * ''Ceratina flavopicta'' Smith, 1858 * ''Ceratina flavovaria'' Gussakovsky, 1933 * ''Ceratina foveifera'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina fuliginosa'' Cockerell, 1916 * ''Ceratina fulvitarsis'' Friese, 1925 * ''Ceratina fulvofasciata'' Ducke, 1908 * ''Ceratina fumipennis'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina glossata'' Michener, 1954 * ''Ceratina gnoma'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina gomphrenae'' Schrottky, 1909 * ''Ceratina gossypii'' Schrottky, 1907 * ''Ceratina gravidula'' Gerstäcker, 1869 * ''Ceratina guarnacciana'' Genaro, 1998 * ''Ceratina guineae'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina hakkarica'' Kocourek, 1998 * ''Ceratina haladai'' Terzo & Rasmont, 2004 * ''Ceratina hexae'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina hieratica'' Baker, 2002 * ''Ceratina hieroglyphica'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina huberi'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina humilior'' Cockerell, 1916 * ''Ceratina hurdi'' Daly, 1973 * ''Ceratina ignara'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Ceratina immaculata'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina incognita'' Bingham, 1898 * ''Ceratina indica'' (Hirashima, 1969) * ''Ceratina inermis'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina ino'' Nurse, 1904 * ''Ceratina interrupta'' Alfken, 1926 * ''Ceratina itzarum'' Cockerell, 1931 * ''Ceratina iwatai'' Yasumatsu, 1936 * ''Ceratina jacobsoni'' van der Vecht, 1952 * ''Ceratina japonica'' Cockerell, 1911 * ''Ceratina jejuensis'' S. Lee, 2005 * ''Ceratina kosemponis'' Strand, 1913 * ''Ceratina kraussi'' Michener, 1954 * ''Ceratina labrosa'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina laevifrons'' Morawitz, 1895 * ''Ceratina laeviuscula'' Wu, 1963 * ''Ceratina langenburgiae'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina langi'' Cockerell, 1934 * ''Ceratina lativentris'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina lehmanni'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina liberica'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina lieftincki'' van der Vecht, 1952 * ''Ceratina liliputana'' Cockerell, 1932 * ''Ceratina lineola'' Vachal, 1903 * ''Ceratina litoraria'' van der Vecht, 1952 * ''Ceratina loa'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina loewi'' Gerstäcker, 1869 * ''Ceratina longiceps'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina loquata'' Nurse, 1902 * ''Ceratina lucidula'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina lucifera'' Cockerell, 1934 * ''Ceratina ludwigsi'' Strand, 1914 * ''Ceratina lunata'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina maai'' Shiokawa & Hirashima, 1982 * ''Ceratina macrocephala'' Friese, 1911 * ''Ceratina maculifrons'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina madecassa'' Friese, 1900 * ''Ceratina maghrebensis'' Daly, 1983 * ''Ceratina malindiae'' (Daly, 1988) * ''Ceratina mandibularis'' Friese, 1896 * ''Ceratina manni'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''Ceratina marginata'' Baker, 1907 * ''Ceratina mariannensis'' Yasumatsu, 1939 * ''Ceratina mauritanica'' Lepeletier, 1841 * ''Ceratina megastigmata'' Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1969 * ''Ceratina melanochroa'' (Moure, 1941) * ''Ceratina melanoptera'' Cockerell, 1924 * ''Ceratina metaria'' Cockerell, 1920 * ''Ceratina mexicana'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Ceratina micheneri'' Daly, 1973 * ''Ceratina minima'' Friese, 1909 * ''Ceratina minuta'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina mocsaryi'' Friese, 1896 * ''Ceratina moderata'' Cameron, 1897 * ''Ceratina moerenhouti'' Vachal, 1903 * ''Ceratina montana'' Holmberg, 1886 * ''Ceratina morawitzi'' Sickmann, 1894 * ''Ceratina moricei'' Friese, 1899 * ''Ceratina morrensis'' Strand, 1910 * ''Ceratina muelleri'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina muscatella'' Nurse, 1902 * ''Ceratina namibensis'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina nanula'' Cockerell, 1897 * ''Ceratina nasalis'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina nasiinsignita'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina nativitatis'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina nautlana'' Cockerell, 1897 * ''Ceratina neocallosa'' Daly, 1983 * ''Ceratina neomexicana'' Cockerell, 1901 * ''Ceratina nigerrima'' Friese, 1909 * ''Ceratina nigra'' Handlirsch, 1889 * ''Ceratina nigriceps'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina nigrita'' Ashmead, 1900 * ''Ceratina nigritula'' Michener, 1954 * ''Ceratina nigriventris'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina nigroaenea'' Gerstäcker, 1869 * ''Ceratina nigrolabiata'' Friese, 1896 * ''Ceratina nigrolateralis'' Cockerell, 1916 * ''Ceratina nilotica'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina nitidella'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina nyassensis'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina obtusicauda'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Ceratina okinawana'' Matsumura & Uchida, 1926 * ''Ceratina opaca'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina oxalidis'' Schrottky, 1907 * ''Ceratina pacifica'' H. S. Smith, 1907 * ''Ceratina pacis'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina palauensis'' Yasumatsu, 1939 * ''Ceratina papuana'' van der Vecht, 1952 * ''Ceratina paraguayensis'' Schrottky, 1907 * ''Ceratina parignara'' Cockerell, 1931 * ''Ceratina parvula'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina paulyi'' (Daly, 1988) * ''Ceratina pembana'' Cockerell, 1935 * ''Ceratina penicillata'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina penicilligera'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina perforatrix'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina perpolita'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina personata'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina picta'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina pictifrons'' Smith, 1861 * ''Ceratina piracicabana'' Schrottky, 1911 * ''Ceratina placida'' Smith, 1862 * ''Ceratina polita'' Friese, 1902 * ''Ceratina politifrons'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina popovi'' Wu, 1963 * ''Ceratina propinqua'' Cameron, 1897 * ''Ceratina pubescens'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina pulchripes'' Shiokawa, 2002 * ''Ceratina punctigena'' Cockerell, 1916 * ''Ceratina punctigena'' van der Vecht, 1952 * ''Ceratina punctiventris'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina punctulata'' Spinola, 1841 * ''Ceratina quadripunctata'' Wu, 2000 * ''Ceratina quinquemaculata'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''Ceratina rasmonti'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina rectangulifera'' Schwarz & Michener, 1954 * ''Ceratina regalis'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''Ceratina rhodura'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina richardsoniae'' Schrottky, 1909 * ''Ceratina ridleyi'' Cockerell, 1910 * ''Ceratina roseoviridis'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina rossi'' (Daly, 1988) * ''Ceratina rothschildiana'' Vachal, 1909 * ''Ceratina rotundiceps'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina rufigastra'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina rufipes'' (Hirashima, 1969) * ''Ceratina rufipes'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina rugifrons'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina rugosissima'' Cockerell, 1932 * ''Ceratina rupestris'' Holmberg, 1884 * ''Ceratina ruwenzorica'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina sakagamii'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina samburuensis'' Cockerell, 1910 * ''Ceratina satoi'' Yasumatsu, 1936 * ''Ceratina saundersi'' Daly, 1983 * ''Ceratina sauteri'' Strand, 1913 * ''Ceratina schwarzi'' Kocourek, 1998 * ''Ceratina schwarziana'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina sclerops'' Schrottky, 1907 * ''Ceratina sculpturata'' Smith, 1858 * ''Ceratina senegalensis'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina sequoiae'' Michener, 1936 * ''Ceratina sericea'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina shinnersi'' Daly, 1973 * ''Ceratina simillima'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina smaragdula'' (Fabricius, 1787) * ''Ceratina speculifrons'' Cockerell, 1920 * ''Ceratina speculina'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina spilota'' Cockerell, 1932 * ''Ceratina stilbonota'' Moure, 1941 * ''Ceratina strenua'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina stuckenbergi'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina subquadrata'' Smith, 1854 * ''Ceratina subscintilla'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina tabescens'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''Ceratina taborae'' Strand, 1912 * ''Ceratina takasagona'' Shiokawa & Hirashima, 1982 * ''Ceratina tanganyicensis'' Strand, 1911 * ''Ceratina tantilla'' (Moure, 1941) * ''Ceratina tarsata'' Morawitz, 1872 * ''Ceratina tehuacana'' Strand, 1919 * ''Ceratina tejonensis'' Cresson, 1864 * ''Ceratina tenkeana'' Cockerell, 1937 * ''Ceratina teunisseni'' Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 * ''Ceratina texana'' Daly, 1973 * ''Ceratina tibialis'' Morawitz, 1895 * ''Ceratina timberlakei'' Daly, 1973 * ''Ceratina titusi'' Cockerell, 1903 * ''Ceratina triangulifera'' Cockerell, 1914 * ''Ceratina tricolor'' Michener, 1954 * ''Ceratina trimaculata'' Friese, 1917 * ''Ceratina tropica'' Crawford, 1910 * ''Ceratina tropidura'' Moure, 1941 * ''Ceratina truncata'' Friese, 1905 * ''Ceratina turgida'' (Moure, 1941) * ''Ceratina unicolor'' Friese, 1911 * ''Ceratina unimaculata'' Smith, 1879 * ''Ceratina vechti'' (Baker, 1997) * ''Ceratina verhoeffi'' Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 * ''Ceratina vernoniae'' Schrottky, 1920 * ''Ceratina virescens'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina viridicincta'' Cockerell, 1931 * ''Ceratina viridifrons'' Cockerell, 1934 * ''Ceratina viridis'' Guérin-Méneville, 1844 * ''Ceratina wagneri'' Friese, 1910 * ''Ceratina waini'' (Shiokawa & Sakagami, 1969) * ''Ceratina warnckei'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina whiteheadi'' Eardley & Daly, 2007 * ''Ceratina xanthocera'' (Moure, 1941) * ''Ceratina xanthostoma'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''Ceratina yasumatsui'' Hirashima, 1971 * ''Ceratina yucatanica'' Cockerell, 1931 * ''Ceratina zandeni'' Terzo, 1998 * ''Ceratina zebra'' Friese, 1921 * ''Ceratina zeteki'' Cockerell, 1934 * ''Ceratina zwakhalsi'' Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ceratina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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