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'' Certhia '' is the genus of birds containing the typical treecreepers, which together with the African and Indian spotted creepers make up the family Certhiidae. The typical treecreepers occur in many wooded parts of the North Temperate Zone. They do not normally migrate other than for local movements, such as altitudinal migrations in the Himalayan species (Mead 2003). The treecreepers are small woodland birds, very similar in appearance (so they can present serious identification problems where two species occur together). They are brown with streaks above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff, pointed tail feathers, like woodpeckers and woodcreepers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. All the tail feathers but the two central ones are molted in quick succession; the two central ones are not molted till the others grow back, so the bird can always prop itself with its tail (Perrins 1991; Mead 2003). They build cup nests on loose twig platforms wedged behind patches of bark on tree trunks. (They will also use special nest boxes clamped to tree trunks and made with two openings; the birds use one as an entrance and one as an exit.) They lay 3 to 9 eggs (usually 5 or 6), which are white with reddish-brown speckles and dots. The female incubates for 14 or 15 days. The young fledge 15 or 16 days later; the male may care for them while the female incubates and feeds a second brood. Rarely a male may mate with a second female while the first is incubating, and there are even records of two females incubating their clutches side by side in a nest (Perrins 1991; Mead 2003). At least some species roost in small oblong cavities that they dig out behind loose bark. They may roost individually or in groups (probably families) that in extreme cold have been known to exceed 12 birds (Mead 2003). ==Species in taxonomic order== Following recent studies of cytochrome ''b'' mtDNA sequence and song structure (Tietze ''et al.'', 2006; Tietze ''et al.'', 2008), the following species are recognized: *Eurasian treecreeper, ''Certhia familiaris'' *Hodgson's treecreeper, ''Certhia hodgsoni'' *Brown creeper, ''Certhia americana'' *Short-toed treecreeper, ''Certhia brachydactyla'' *Bar-tailed treecreeper, ''Certhia himalayana'' *Sichuan treecreeper, ''Certhia tianquanensis'' *Rusty-flanked treecreeper, ''Certhia nipalensis'' *Sikkim treecreeper, ''Certhia discolor'' *Hume's treecreeper, ''Certhia manipurensis'' They form two evolutionary lineages: the former four species represent a Holarctic radiation, whereas the remaining five are distributed in the area south and east of the Himalaya. Hodgson's treecreeper, recently realized to be a distinct species, is an offshoot of the common treecreeper's ancestor which has speciated south of the Himalaya. The former group has a more warbling song, always (except in ''C. familiaris'' from China) starting or ending with a shrill ''sreeh''. The Himalayan group, in contrast, has a faster-paced trill without the ''sreeh'' sound. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Certhia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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