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Cervical screening is the process of detecting abnormal changes in the cervix before they can develop into cervical cancer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What is cervical screening )〕 If the abnormal tissue or cells can be removed, then the disease can be prevented from developing. Cervical screening is thereby mainly a form of secondary prevention by aiming to detect and treat cervical neoplasia early on.〔Module 13: Levels of Disease Prevention. (2007, April 24). Retrieved March 16, 2014, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: http://www.cdc.gov/excite/skincancer/mod13.htm〕 Some of the tests can also diagnose the disease by identifying cancer cells that are already present. There are several methods to screen for cervical cancer. The Pap test (also known as Pap smear or conventional cytology) and liquid-based cytology are widely used throughout the world, and have been credited with greatly reducing the number of cases and mortality from cervical cancer in the developed world. Cytology-based tests have not been as effective in developing countries, leading to investigation of cervical screening approaches more suited to low-resource settings such as visual inspection with acetic acid or HPV DNA testing. == Age range to screen == Different countries have different cervical cancer screening recommendations. According to the 2010 European guidelines for cervical cancer screening, the age at which to commence screening ranges between 20–30 years of age, "but preferentially not before age 25 or 30 years", depending on burden of the disease in the population and the available resources. Currently most European countries suggest or offer screening between the ages of 25-64.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://www.ecca.info/ )〕 Screening is typically (and in England) offered every 3 years form ages 25–49, every 5 years from ages 50–64 and in women 65+ only in those who have not been screening since age 50 or had recent abnormal results.〔〔("Cervical screening: programme overview ), From:Public Health England, First published: 1 April 2015〕 In the United States, screening is recommended for women between ages 21–65, regardless of age at sexual initiation or other high-risk behaviors.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women )〕 For healthy women aged 21–29 who have never had an abnormal Pap smear, cervical cancer screening with cervical cytology (Pap smear) should occur every 3 years, regardless of HPV vaccination status. The preferred screening for women aged 30–65 is "co-testing", which includes a combination of cervical cytology screening and HPV testing, every 5 years.〔 However, it is acceptable to screen this age group with a Pap smear alone every 3 years.〔 In women over the age of 65, screening for cervical cancer may be discontinued in the absence of abnormal screening results within the prior 10 years and no history of high-grade lesions.〔 In Australia, screening is offered to women aged 18-70, every two years. This is by Pap smear, and regardless of sexual history.〔("Cervical cancer screening" ), ''Cancer Council Australia'', accessed 14 November 2015〕 In Canada, where screening programmes are arranged at provincial level, the general recommendation is not to begin routine screening until the age of 25 in the absence of specific reasons to, then to screen every three years until the age of 69.〔("Screening for Cervical Cancer (2013)" ), Canadian Task Force for Preventive Health Care, accessed 14 November, 2015〕 But, for example, in Ontario "The Ontario Cervical Screening Program recommends that women who are or have been sexually active have a Pap test every 3 years starting at age 21."〔("Cervical Cancer Screening" ), Cancer Care Ontario, accessed 14 November, 2015〕 This screening frequency is not possible in most low-resource settings. In these countries, decisions regarding screening frequency must be made based upon available resources. The greatest impact on cervical cancer reduction appears to result from screening women aged 30 to 39 years. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cervical screening」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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