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''Chalawan'' is an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian known from the Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Nong Bua Lamphu Province, northeastern Thailand. It contains a single species, ''Chalawan thailandicus''. ==Discovery and history== ''Chalawan'' is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete lower jaw collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu, in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation; other vertebrates, including dinosaurs, are known only from fragmentary remains. This formation was originally considered to be Early to Middle Jurassic in age, however its age has been revised and except for its lowermost part which was probably deposited during the Late Jurassic, is now considered Early Cretaceous. The specimen was originally assigned to a new species of the goniopholidid ''Sunosuchus''. ''Sunosuchus thailandicus'' was first described and named by Eric Buffetaut and Rucha Ingavat in 1980. The mandible is very robust, and its tip is spoon shaped and wider than the portion of the jaw immediately behind it. Buffetaut and Ingavat (1980-1984) noted that ''S. thailandicus'' shares features with both goniopholidids and pholidosaurids, and considered it an indication of a close relation between the two groups. Andrade ''et al.'' (2011) found ''S. thailandicus'' to be the only species of ''Sunosuchus'', apart from its type species ''Sunosuchus miaoi'', and possibly also ''"Goniopholis" phuwiangensis'' from Thailand, which they reassigned to ''Sunosuchus''. Even though this was based on the results of the largest phylogenetic analysis available for mesoeucrocodylians, due to the fragmentary nature of the holotypes of ''S. thailandicus'' and ''"G." phuwiangensis'' these assignments were weakly supported. Halliday ''et al.'' (2013) tentatively synonymized ''"Sunosuchus" shartegensis'' (Efimov, 1988) as ''"Sunosuchus"'' cf. ''thailandicus''. ''"S." shartegensis'' is known solely from the holotype PIN 4174‒1, a fragmented skull, comprising the rostrum, the preorbital region of the skull roof, the quadrates and parts of the quadratojugal, the occipital condyle and nearly complete mandibles. It was collected from "Layer 2" of the Tithonian (Late Jurassic) Ulan Malgait beds, in the Shar Teeg locality, of the Govi-Altai Province of Outer Mongolia, embedded in grey clay. Halliday ''et al.'' (2013) stated that ''"S." shartegensis'' shares some features with other species of ''Sunosuchus'', and can not be differentiated from the holotype of ''S. thailandicus''. Nevertheless, it lacks definitive synapomorphies of ''S. thailandicus'', and possibly even these of Goniopholididae, suggesting that it might belong to a different species. Using an updated version of Andrade ''et al.'' (2011) phylogenetic analysis, Halliday ''et al.'' (2013) found ''"S." shartegensis'' to be the sister taxon of ''Kansajsuchus'' from Tajikistan. The addition of ''S. thailandicus'' (based on the holotype) to the analysis did not confirm the referral of ''"S." shartegensis'' to ''"S."'' cf. ''thailandicus'', as it resulted in a large polytomy. An alternative generic name for ''S. thailandicus'' was proposed by Jeremy E. Martin, Komsorn Lauprasert, Eric Buffetaut, Romain Liard and Varavudh Suteethorn in 2013 following the discovery of cranial elements associated with the mandibular remains, creating the ''combinatio nova'' ''Chalawan thailandicus''. The generic name is derived from the name of Chalawan, a giant in the mythology of Thailand that could take the form of a crocodile with diamond teeth. A premaxilla, among the newly discovered material, led to the reassignment of ''Chalawan'' to the Pholidosauridae. Additionally, ''Chalawan'' and both Goniopholididae and Pholidosauridae share the presence of a depression located on the lateral wall of the maxilla and jugal bone. Martin ''et al.'' (2013) first appeared online only several months after Halliday ''et al.'' (2013), therefore the influence of the newly discovered material on the taxonomic status of ''"S." shartegensis'' is yet unknown.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chalawan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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