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Chaldea (), from , '; '; (ヘブライ語:כשדים), ';〔 , ', also spelled Chaldaea, was a small Semitic nation that emerged between the late 10th and early 9th century BC, surviving until the mid 6th century BC, after which it disappeared as the Chaldean tribes were absorbed into the native population of Babylonia.〔George Roux - Ancient Iraq - p281〕 It was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia, and briefly came to rule Babylon. During a period of weakness in the East Semitic speaking empire of Babylonia, new tribes of West Semitic-speaking migrants〔Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "West Semitic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.〕 arrived in the region from the Levant between the 11th and 10th centuries BC. The earliest waves consisted of Suteans and Arameans, followed a century or so later by the ''Kaldu'', a group who became known later as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. The Hebrew Bible uses the term (''Kaśdim'') and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Septuagint, although there is some dispute as to whether ''Kasdim'' in fact means Chaldean. These migrations did not affect Assyria to the north, which repelled these incursions. The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon (6th century BC) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although the last rulers, Nabonidus and his son Belshazzar, were known to be from Assyria.〔Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq''〕 These nomad Chaldeans settled in the far southeastern portion of Babylonia, chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates. Though for a short time the name later commonly referred to the whole of southern Mesopotamia, this was a misnomer, as Chaldea proper was in fact only the plain in the far southeast formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending about four hundred miles along the course of these rivers, and averaging about a hundred miles in width. ==Land== Chaldea as a name is used in two different senses. In the early period, between the early 800's and late 600's BC, it was the name of a small sporadically independent territory under the domination of the Neo Assyrian Empire in southeastern Babylonia, extending to the western shores of the Persian Gulf.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Jewish Encyclopedia )〕 At some point after the Chaldean tribes settled in the region it eventually became called ''mat Kaldi'' "land of Chaldeans" by the native Mesopotamian Assyrians and Babylonians. The expression ''mat Bit Yakin'' is also used, apparently synonymously. Bit Yakin was likely the chief or capital city of the land. The king of Chaldea was also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia and Assyria were regularly styled simply king of Babylon or Assur, the capital city in each case. In the same way, the Persian Gulf was sometimes called "the Sea of Bit Yakin", and sometimes "the Sea of the Land of Chaldea". The boundaries of the early lands settled by Chaldeans in the early 800's BC have not been identified with precision by historians. Chaldea generally referred to the low, marshy, alluvial land around the estuaries of the Tigris and Euphrates, which in ancient times discharged their waters through separate mouths into the sea. In a later time, between 608 BC and 557 BC, when the Chaldean tribe had burst their narrow bonds and obtained their short lived period of ascendency over all of Babylonia, they briefly gave their name to the whole land, which was then called Chaldea by some peoples, particularly the Jews, although this term eventually fell out of use. From the 10th to late 7th centuries BC, Chaldea, like the rest of Mesopotamia and much of the ancient Near East and Asia Minor, came to be dominated by the Neo Assyrian Empire (911-608 BC), which was based in northern Mesopotamia. The Old Testament book of the prophet Habbakuk describes the Chaldeans as "a bitter and swift nation". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chaldea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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