|
Haredi Judaism ( ', ; also spelled ''Charedi'', plural ''Charedim'') is a stream of Orthodox Judaism characterized by rejection of modern secular culture. Its members are often referred to as strictly Orthodox or ultra-Orthodox in English. The term "ultra-Orthodox," however, is considered a derogatory slur by some in the community. Haredim regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews, although this claim is contested by other streams.〔: "One of the main sources of power enabling Haredi Jews' extreme behavior is the Israeli public's widely held view that their way of life represents traditional Judaism, and that when it comes to Judaism, more radical means more authentic. This is among the most strongly held and unfounded myths in Israel society."〕 Haredi Judaism emerged in response to the sweeping changes brought upon the Jews in the modern era: emancipation, Enlightenment and the ''Haskalah'' movement derived from it, acculturation, secularization, religious Reform in all its forms, Jewish nationalism, etc.〔For example: Arnold Eisen, ''Rethinking Modern Judaism'', University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 3.〕 In contrast to Modern Orthodox Judaism, which hastened to embrace modernity, the approach of the Haredim was to maintain a steadfast adherence to Jewish religious law by segregating itself from modern society. However, there are Haredi communities in which getting a professional degree and a trade is encouraged and contact exists between Haredi and non-Haredi Jews.〔 Haredi communities are primarily found in Israel, North America and Western Europe. Their estimated global population currently numbers 1.3–1.5 million and, due to a virtual absence of interfaith marriage and a high birth rate, their numbers are growing rapidly.〔Eli Berman. . National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6715. August 1998〕 Their numbers have also been boosted by a number of secular Jews adopting a Haredi lifestyle.〔: "This movement began in the US but is now centred in Israel, where since 1967 many thousands of Jews have consciously adopted an Ultra-Orthodox lifestyle."〕〔: "Many of the Ultra-Orthodox Jews living in Brooklyn are baaley tshuva, Jews who have gone through a repentance experience and have become Orthodox though they may have been raised in entirely secular Jewish homes."〕〔Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Judaism, By M. Herbert Danzger: "A survey of Jews in the New York metropolitan area found that 24% of those who were highly observant...had been reared by parents who did not share such scruples. () The ba'al t'shuva represents a new phenomenon for Judaism; for the first time there are not only Jews who leave the fold... but also a substantial number who "return." pg 2; and "Defined in terms of observance, then, the number of newly Orthodox is about 100,000." pg. 193.〕 == Terminology == Haredi is a Modern Hebrew adjective derived from the Biblical verb ''hared'' which appears in the Book of Isaiah (; its plural ''haredim'' appears in Isaiah ) and is translated as "(who ) trembles" at the word of God. The word connotes an awe-inspired fear and anxiety to perform the will of God and is used to describe staunchly Orthodox Jews (similar to the definition used by the Christian Quakers)〔White, John Kenneth (1998). ''Political Parties and the Collapse of the Old Orders''. State University of New York Press. p. 157.〕〔Keysar, Ariela (2009). ''Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century''. Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture. p. 86.〕 and to distinguish them from other Orthodox Jews.〔 The word Haredi is increasingly being used in the Jewish diaspora in place of the term "ultra-Orthodox", which some view as inaccurate or offensive,〔Ayalon, Ami (1999). "Language as a barrier to political reform in the Middle East", ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'', Volume 137, pp. 67–80: "Haredi" has none of the misleading religious implications of "ultra-Orthodox": in the words of Shilhav (1989: 53), "they are not necessarily () more religious but religious in a different way." and "'Haredi'… is preferable, being a term commonly used by such Jews themselves… Moreover, it carries none of the venom often injected into the term 'ultra-Orthodox' by other Jews and, sadly, by the Western media…."〕〔Sources describing the term as pejorative or derogatory include: * Kobre, Eytan. (''One People, Two Worlds. A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them'', reviewed by Eytan Kobre ), Jewish Media Resources, February 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2009. "'Indeed, the social scientist Marvin Schick calls attention to the fact that "through the simple device of identifying (Jews ) … as "ultra-Orthodox", … () pejorative term has become the standard reference term for describing a great many Orthodox Jews…. No other ethnic or religious group in this country is identified in language that conveys so negative a message.'" * Goldschmidt, Henry. ''Race and religion among the chosen peoples of Crown Heights'', Rutgers University Press, 2006, p. 244, note 26. "I am reluctant to use the term 'ultra-orthodox,' as the prefix 'ultra' carries pejorative connotations of irrational extremism." * Longman, Chia. "Engendering Identities as Political Processes: Discources of Gender Among Strictly Orthodox Jewish Women", in Rik Pinxten, Ghislain Verstraete, Chia Longmanp (eds.) ''Culture and politics: identity and conflict in a multicultural world'', Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 55. "Webber (1994: 27) uses the label 'strictly Orthodox' when referring to haredi, seemingly more adequate as a purely descriptive name, yet carrying less pejorative connotations than ultra-Orthodox." * Shafran, Avi. (''Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox Sometimes the community has been characterized as "Traditional Orthodox", in contradistinction to the Modern Orthodox, the other major branch of Orthodox Judaism (not to be confused with the movement represented by Union for Traditional Judaism, which is yet more "modern" than the Modern Orthodox). Haredi Jews also use other terms to refer to themselves. Common Yiddish words include ''Yidn'' (Jews) or ''erlekhe Yidn'' (virtuous Jews),〔 ''Ben Torah'' (literally "son of the Torah"),〔 ''frum'' (pious) and ''heimish'' (home-like, i.e. "our crowd"). In Israel, Haredi Jews are sometimes also called by the derogatory slang words ''dos'' (plural ''dosim''), that mimics the traditional Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation of the Hebrew word ''datim'', meaning religious,〔Donna Rosenthal. ''The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land''. Simon and Schuster, 2005. p. 183. "Dossim, a derogatory word for Haredim, is Yiddish-accented Hebrew for 'religious.'"〕 and more rarely, "blacks" (''sh'chorim''), a reference to the black clothes they typically wear;〔Nadia Abu El-Haj. ''Facts on the ground: Archaeological practice and territorial self-fashioning in Israeli society''. University of Chicago Press, 2001. p. 262.〕 a related informal term used in English is "Black Hat". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haredi Judaism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|