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Charisma
The term ''charisma'' (; pl. ''charismata'', adj. ''charismatic'') has two senses: (1) compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others, (2) a divinely conferred power or talent.〔''New Oxford American Dictionary'', edited by Angus Stevenson and Christine A. Lindberg. Oxford University Press, 2010.〕 As regards sense 1, scholars in political science, psychology, and management 〔Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.〕〔Downton, J. V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process. New York: The Free Press.〕〔Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.〕〔House, R. J. (1977). A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), The Cutting Edge (pp. 189-207). Carbondale: Southern Illinois: University Press.〕 use the term "charisma" to describe a particular type of leader having "symbolic leader influence rooted in emotional and ideological foundations".〔Antonakis, J., Fenley, M., & Liechti, S. (2011). Can Charisma Be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 10(3), 374-396.http://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2010.0012〕 For some theological usages the term is rendered ''charism'', with a meaning the same as sense 2.〔''Oxford Dictionary of English'', edited by Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2010.〕 Since the 1950s, the term has become widely used, with varying meanings, in religion, the social sciences, the media, and throughout Western societies. This article describes the theological and personality senses of the definition of ''charisma'', the history of the term, and 21st century uses of both senses in particular sectors of society.
==Etymology==
The English term ''charisma'' is from the Greek (''khárisma''), which means "favor freely given" or "gift of grace". The term and its plural (''charismata'') derive from (''charis''), which means "grace". Some derivatives from that root (including "grace") have similar meanings to the modern sense of ''personality charisma'', such as "filled with attractiveness or charm", "kindness", "to bestow a favor or service", or "to be favored or blessed".〔"charisma" in ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' second edition. 1989.〕〔Beekes, Robert. ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek''. Brill, 2010, p. 1607.〕 Moreover, the ancient Greek dialect widely used in Roman times employed these terms without the connotations found in modern religious usage.〔Ebertz, Michael N. "Charisma" in ''Religion Past & Present.'' edited by Hans Dieter Betz, et al., Brill, 2007, p. 493.〕 Ancient Greeks applied personality charisma to their gods; for example, attributing charm, beauty, nature, human creativity or fertility to goddesses they called ''Charites'' ().
Theologians and social scientists have expanded and modified the original Greek meaning into the two distinct senses above. For ease of reference, we will call the first sense ''personality charisma'' and the second ''divinely conferred charisma''.
The meaning of ''charisma'' has become greatly diffused from its original ''divinely conferred'' meaning, and even from the ''personality charisma'' meaning in modern English dictionaries, which reduces to a mixture of charm and status. John Potts, who has extensively analyzed the term's history, sums up meanings beneath this diffused common usage.Contemporary charisma maintains, however, the irreducible character ascribed to it by Weber: it retains a mysterious, elusive quality. Media commentators regularly describe charisma as the 'X-factor'. …The enigmatic character of charisma also suggests a connection – at least to some degree – to the earliest manifestations of charisma as a spiritual gift.〔Potts, John. A History of Charisma. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p.3〕
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