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Chaturaji
Chaturaji (meaning "four kings", and also known as ''choupat'', IAST ', ) is a four player chess-like game. It was first described in detail c. 1030 by Al-Biruni in his ''India'' book.〔Murray〕 Originally, this was a game of chance: the pieces to be moved were decided by rolling two dice. A diceless variant of the game was still played in India at the close of the 19th century.
==History==
The ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata'' contains a reference to a game, which could be chaturaji:〔(Mahabharata, Book 4, Section 1 )〕 Presenting myself as a Brahmana, Kanka by name, skilled in dice and fond of play, I shall become a courtier of that high-souled king. And moving upon chess-boards beautiful pawns made of ivory, of blue and yellow and red and white hue, by throws of black and red dice. I shall entertain the king with his courtiers and friends.
There is no certainty, however, whether the mentioned game is really a chess-like game like chaturaji, or a race game like Pachisi.
At the end of the 18th century Hiram Cox put forth a theory (later known as the Cox-Forbes theory), that chaturaji is a predecessor of chaturanga and hence the ancestor of modern chess. The theory was developed by Duncan Forbes in the late 19th century, and was endorsed in even stronger version by Stewart Culin.〔(Four-Handed Chaturanga ) by Jean-Louis Cazaux ()〕 However, this theory was rejected by H.J.R. Murray in 1913,〔 and modern scholars have sided with Murray. According to Forbes, this game is properly called ''chaturanga'', which is also the name of a two-player game. The term ''chaturaji'' refers to a position in the game comparable to chess's ''checkmate''.〔Forbes, p. 18〕 Forbes believed that the North and South players (black and green) played as allies against the East and West players (red and yellow).〔Forbes, pp. 21–22〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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