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〕 The Chera kingdom owed its importance to trade with West Asia, Greece and Rome. Its geographical advantages, like the abundance of exotic spices, the navigability of the rivers connecting the Ghat mountains with the Arabian sea, and the discovery of favourable Monsoon winds which carried sailing ships directly from the Arabian coast to Chera kingdom, combined to produce a veritable boom in the Chera foreign trade.〔 The Later Cheras ruled from the 9th century. Little is known about the Cheras between the two dynasties. The second dynasty, Kulasekharas ruled from a city on the banks of River Periyar called Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur).〔(Ancient name, Chully ref: Akam. 149)〕 Though never regained the old status in the Peninsula, Kulasekharas fought numerous wars with their powerful neighbors and diminished to history in the 12th century as a result of continuous Chola and Rashtrakuta invasions. The Chera dynasty was supported by Tamil warriors such as Villavar, Vanavar and Malayar clans.citation needed|date=July 2015}} The Chera rulers of Venadu, based at the port Quilon in southern Kerala, trace their relations back to the later/second Cheras. Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, ruler of Venadu from 1299 to 1314, is known for his ambitious military campaigns to former Pandya and Chola territories.〔Romila Thapar. ''Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300''. University of California Press, 2004 pp 368〕 == Etymology of the word ''Chera'' == The word ''Chera'' probably derived from ''Cheral'', meaning "declivity of a mountain" in ancient Tamil.〔A Survey of Kerala History by A. Sreedhara Menon – Kerala (India) – 1967〕〔Sivaraja Pillai, ''The Chronology of the Early Tamils – Based on the Synchronistic Tables of Their Kings, Chieftains and Poets Appearing in the Tamil Sangam Literature''.〕 The Cheras are referred as ''Kedalaputho'' ("Kerala Putra") in the Ashoka's edicts (3rd century BCE).〔Keay, John (2000) (). India: A history. India: Grove Press. ISBN 0802137970.〕 The Graeco-Roman trade map ''author=Robert Caldwell?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA92|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=1 December 1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0117-8|page=92}}〕 The term ''Ceralamdivu'' or ''Ceran tivu'' and its cognates, meaning the "island of the Ceran kings", is a Classical Tamil name of Sri Lanka that takes root from the term Chera, from which the dynasty name is derived.〔M. Ramachandran, Irāman̲ Mativāṇan̲ (1991). ''The spring of the Indus civilisation''. Prasanna Pathippagam, pp. 34. "Srilanka was known as "Cerantivu' (island of the Cera kings) in those days. The seal has two lines. The line above contains three signs in Indus script and the line below contains three alphabets in the ancient Tamil script known as Tamil ...〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chera dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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