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Child-selling : ウィキペディア英語版
Child-selling

Child-selling is the practice of selling children, usually by parents, close persons, or subsequent masters or custodians. After a sale, when the subsequent relationship with the child is essentially nonexploitative, the usual purpose of child-selling is to permit adoption.
== United States ==
Georgia Tann, of Memphis, Tenn.,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief: The Untold Story of Georgia Tann, the Baby Seller Who Corrupted Adoption'' (N.Y.: Union Square Press, 1st ed. 2007 (ISBN 978-1-4027-5863-8)), p. 1 ("Memphis... where Georgia () lived") (author a reporter) (while main text does not have note references, book has, at pp. 253–287, 657 unnumbered notes for the main text).〕 was employed by the Tennessee Children's Home Society.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 6 (according to Governor Gordon Browning, Tann was "employed by the Tennessee Children's Home Society") and see p. 1 ("()er orphanage or Home, the local branch of the Tennessee Children's Home Society").〕 According to reporter Barbara Bisantz Raymond, Tann, in 1924–1950,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. viii and see p. 7.〕 stole many children〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 121–122 and see p. 210.〕 and sold 5,000 children,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 79 and see pp. viii (see n. for p. x on point), 2, 13, 45, 115, 116, 160, 163, 209, 210, 212, 214, & 215.〕 most or all of them white.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 84 and see pp. 75 & 78.〕 The children were adopted by families〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 117–118.〕 in exchange for substantial fees〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. ix & 118.〕 (ostensibly for transport〔 and hotel〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 118–119.〕 but Tann charged multiple times for a single trip〔 and collected the money personally rather than through the Tennessee Children's Home Society)〔 and processed the adoptions without investigating adoptive parents〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 80, 118, & 210.〕 except for their wealth.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. ix and see pp. 78 & 118.〕 Amounts charged for adoptions ranged from $700〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 231.〕 to $10,000〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 118.〕 when "reputable agencies ... () almost nothing".〔 Tann, in a 1944 speech accusing others of unlicensed adoption placements, did not admit selling children herself.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 92.〕
According to Raymond, Tann made adoption socially acceptable.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. ix.〕 Previously, when the first U.S. state adoption law was passed in 1851, adoption was "not immediately popular".〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 71 and see pp. 65–70, 75, & 77–78.〕 Early in the 20th century, adoption was "rare".〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 71.〕 Low-income birth parents from whom children were taken were generally considered genetically inferior, and the children, considered adoptable, were considered therefore genetically tainted.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. ix (fear due to eugenics) & 71–72.〕 Before Tann's work, indenture was applied to some children with the duties to educate the children and to provide them with land scarcely enforced,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 68.〕 and the Orphan Train Project gathered children and transported them for resettlement under farmers needing labor, using a procedure akin to a slave auction.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 72–74 (for an earlier auction, see p. 67).〕 Some children's custody was changed "through secretive means"〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 76.〕 between sets of parents, some willing and some unaware.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 75–77.〕 Baby farms, where many children were murdered,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', pp. 69–70 and see p. 77.〕 sold children for up to $100 each.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 79 and see p. 77.〕 Tann, apparently disagreeing with the prevailing view,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 78.〕 argued (against her own belief)〔 that children were "blank slates",〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 78 (quoting the author and not Tann, but the author said Tann "said () repeatedly") and see pp. 82–84.〕 thus free of the sin and genetic defects attributable to their parents,〔 thus making adoption appealing,〔 thus providing a way for children who might otherwise have been dead〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 79.〕 to survive and receive care, her waiting lists including much of the U.S., Canada, and South America.〔 One person adopted through the Tennessee Children's Home Society was wrestler Ric Flair.〔Flair, Ric, with Keith Elliot Greenberg, Mark Madden, ed., ''Ric Flair: To Be the Man'' (N.Y.: Pocket Books (div. of Simon & Schuster), World Wrestling Entertainment, 1st Pocket Books hardcover ed. July, 2004 (ISBN 0-7434-5691-2)), pp. 3–6 (in chap. 1 (''Black Market Baby'')), 278, & 332 (the last in ''Acknowledgments'') (autobiography) (author Flair wrestler) (per Wikipedia generally a primary source).〕
Brokers who sold babies were found in Augusta, Ga., and Wichita, Kans.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 213.〕 A sale by a midwife occurred in New Orleans, La.,〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 214.〕 a child was sold twice on one train ride,〔 and one "father ... traded his unborn daughter for a poker debt."〔
In 1955–1956, passage of U.S. Federal legislation to ban baby-selling failed.〔Raymond, Barbara Bisantz, ''The Baby Thief'', ''op. cit.'', p. 212 and see p. 252.〕

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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