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Shymkent (), formerly known as ''Chimkent'' ((ロシア語:''Чимкент'')) until 1993, is the capital city of South Kazakhstan Region, the most densely populated region in Kazakhstan. It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan behind Almaty and Astana with a population of 629,600 (2011).〔 A major railroad junction on the Turkestan-Siberia Railway, the city is also a notable cultural centre, with an international airport. Shymkent is situated 690 km west of Almaty and 120 km to the north of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. ==History== Shymkent was founded in the 12th century〔Peoples of central Asia. By Lawrence Krader. Published by Indiana University, 1971〕 as a caravanserai to protect the Silk Road town of Sayram, 10 km to the east. Shymkent grew as a market center for trade between Turkic nomads and the settled Sogdians. It was destroyed several times: by Genghis Khan, soldiers from the southern Khanates, and by nomad attacks. In the early 19th century it became part of the khanate of Kokand. It was captured by the Russians in 1864.〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111610/Shymkent〕 It was renamed Chernyaev in 1914 and renamed ''Shymkent'' in 1924. Following the Russian conquest, Shymkent was a city of trade between nomadic Turks and sedentary Turks, and was famous for its kumis.〔Through Russian central Asia. By Stephen Graham. Published by The Macmillan Company, 1916〕 There was a gulag located near Shymkent, and many Russian-speaking people came to the area via imprisonment.〔The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: an experiment in literary investigation. By Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, H. T. Willetts, Thomas P. Whitney. Published by Westview Press, 1997〕 The name Shymkent comes from two words: ''shym'' meaning "turf, and ''kent'' meaning "city". Shymkent and Chimkent have identical translations. After Kazakhstan gained independence, the city was renamed ''Shymkent'' in 1993 as part of the government’s campaign to apply Kazakh names to cities. The formal spelling of Шымкент (Shymkent) as codified in Kazakhstan's Constitution goes against the Russian spelling rules of never having the letter "ы" follow the letter "ш". As a result, the new name Шымкент (Shymkent) is used only in Kazakhstan, while Russia and some other countries using Russian language continue to use the original spelling Чимкент (Chimkent). In January 2015 Shymkent officials sent a request to UNESCO to be recognized as an ancient city.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/01/shymkent-seeks-unesco-recognition-2200-year-old-city/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shymkent」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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