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The Chipko movement, primarily a forest conservation movement, went on to become a rallying point for many future, environmental protests and movements all over the world and created a precedent for non-violent protest.〔〔(Hijacking Chipko ) Political ecology: a critical introduction'', by Paul Robbins. Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1-4051-0266-7. ''Page 194''.〕 It occurred at a time when there was hardly any environmental movement in the developing world, and its success meant that the world immediately took notice of this non-violent movement, which was to inspire in time many such eco-groups by helping to slow down the rapid deforestation, expose vested interests, increase ecological awareness, and demonstrate the viability of people power. Above all, it stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalized people. Today, beyond the eco-socialism hue, it is being seen increasingly as an ecofeminism movement. Although many of its leaders were men, women were not only its backbone, but also its mainstay, because they were the ones most affected by the rampant deforestation,, which led to a lack of firewood and fodder as well as water for drinking and irrigation. Over the years they also became primary stakeholders in a majority of the afforestation work that happened under the Chipko movement.〔(The Chipko Movement ) ''Politics in the developing world: a concise introduction'', by Jeffrey Haynes. Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. ISBN 0-631-22556-0. ''Page 229''.〕〔(The women of Chipko ) Staying alive: women, ecology, and development'', by Vandana Shiva, Published by Zed Books, 1988. ISBN 0-86232-823-3. ''Page 67''.〕〔(Chipko Movement ) ''The Future of the Environment: The Social Dimensions of Conservation and Ecological Alternatives'', by David C. Pitt. Published by Routledge, 1988. ISBN 0-415-00455-1. ''Page 112''.〕 In 1987 the Chipko Movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award 〔(Chipko ) ''Right Livelihood Award'' Official website.〕 ==Beginnings== The chipko movement started almost 260 years ago in the early 18th century in Rajasthan.Amrita Devi with 84 villagers risked their lives to protect the forest trees from being felled on the order of the maharaja (king).The Chipko andolan is a movement that practisced the Gandhian methods of Satyagraha by both female and male activists who played pivotal roles including Gauri Devi Sudesha Devi Bachni Devi Chandiu Prasad Bhatt where some among the others. In India the forest cover started deteriorating at an alarming rate, resulting in hardships for those involved in labour-intensive fodder and firewood collection. This also led to a deterioration in the soil conditions, and erosion in the area. As water sources dried up in the hills, water shortages became widespread. Subsequently, communities gave up raising livestock, which added to the problems of malnutrition in the region. This crisis was heightened by the fact that forest conservation policies, like the Indian Forest Act, 1927, traditionally restricted the access of local communities to the forests, resulting in scarce farmlands in an over- populated and extremely poor area, despite all of its natural wealth. Thus the sharp decline in the local agrarian economy lead to a migration of people into the plains in search of jobs, leaving behind several de-populated villages in the 1960s.〔(Box 5: Women defend the trees ) Global Environment Outlook, GEO Year Book 2004/5, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).〕〔(Starting.. ) ''Of myths and movements: rewriting Chipko into Himalayan history'', by Haripriya Rangan. Published by Verso, 2000. ISBN 1-85984-305-0. ''Page 4-5''.〕〔 In khejarli village 363 Bishnois sacrificed their lives in 1730 AD while protecting green Khejri that are considered sacred by the community this was the starting.Gradually a rising awareness of the ecological crisis, which came from an immediate loss of livelihood caused by it, resulted in the growth of political activism in the region. The year 1964 saw the establishment of ''Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh'' (DGSS) (“Dasholi Society for Village Self-Rule” ), set up by Gandhian social worker, Chandi Prasad Bhatt in Gopeshwar, and inspired by Jayaprakash Narayan and the Sarvodaya movement, with an aim to set up small industries using the resources of the forest. Their first project was a small workshop making farm tools for local use. Its name was later changed to ''Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh'' (DGSS) from the original ''Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal'' (DGSM) in the 1980s. Here they had to face restrictive forest policies, a hangover of colonial era still prevalent, as well as the "contractor system", in which these pieces of forest land were commodified and auctioned to big contractors, usually from the plains, who brought along their own skilled and semi-skilled laborers, leaving only the menial jobs like hauling rocks for the hill people, and paying them next to nothing. On the other hand, the hill regions saw an influx of more people from the outside, which only added to the already strained ecological balance.〔(“Hug the Trees!” - Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Gaura Devi, and the Chipko Movement ) By Mark Shepard. ''Gandhi Today: A Report on Mahatma Gandhi’s Successors'', Simple Productions, Arcata, California, 1987, reprinted by Seven Locks Press, Washington, D.C., 1987.〕 Hastened by increasing hardships, the Garhwal Himalayas soon became the centre for a rising ecological awareness of how reckless deforestation had denuded much of the forest cover, resulting in the devastating Alaknanda River floods of July 1970, when a major landslide blocked the river and affected an area starting from Hanumanchatti, near Badrinath to 350 km downstream till Haridwar, further numerous villages, bridges and roads were washed away. Thereafter, incidences of landslides and land subsidence became common in an area which was experiencing a rapid increase in civil engineering projects.〔(Ecological crisis ) ''Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution and Profit'', by Vandana Shiva. Published by Pluto Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7453-1837-1. ''Page 3''.〕〔(Landslides and Floods ) Pauri district website.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chipko movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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