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Jacques René Chirac (; (:ʒak ʃi.ʁak); born 29 November 1932) is a French politician, who served as the President of France from 1995 to 2007. He previously served as Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988, and as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995. After completing his degree at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), a term at Harvard University and the École nationale d'administration (ENA), Chirac began his career as a high-level civil servant, and soon entered politics. He subsequently occupied various senior positions, including Minister of Agriculture, Minister of the Interior, Prime Minister, Mayor of Paris, and finally President of the French Republic. Chirac's internal policies included lower tax rates, the removal of price controls, strong punishment for crime and terrorism, and business privatisation.〔(Privatization Is Essential, Chirac Warns Socialists: Resisting Global Currents, France Sticks to Being French ), ''International Herald Tribune''〕 He also argued for more socially responsible economic policies, and was elected in 1995 after campaigning on a platform of healing the "social rift" (''fracture sociale'').〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jacques Chirac President of France from 1995–2007 )〕 After less statist policy when he was Prime Minister (1986–1988), he changed his method. Then, his economic policies, based on ''dirigisme'', state-directed ideals, stood in opposition to the ''laissez-faire'' policies of the United Kingdom, which Chirac famously described as "Anglo-Saxon ultraliberalism". On 15 December 2011, the Paris court declared him guilty of diverting public funds and abusing public confidence, and gave Chirac a two-year suspended prison sentence. ==Family, early life, education and early career== Chirac, born in the Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire clinic (Paris Ve), is the son of Abel François Marie Chirac (1898–1968), a successful executive for an aircraft company,〔 and Marie-Louise Valette (1902–1973), a housewife. His great grandparents on both sides were peasants, but his two grandfathers were teachers from Sainte-Féréole in Corrèze. According to Chirac, his name "originates from the langue d'oc, that of the troubadours, therefore that of poetry". He is a Roman Catholic. Chirac was an only child (his elder sister, Jacqueline, died in infancy before his birth). He was educated in Paris at the Cours Hattemer, a private school. He then attended the Lycée Carnot and at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. After his baccalauréat, he served for three months as a sailor on a coal-transporter. Chirac played rugby union for Brive's youth team, and also played at university level. He played no. 8 and second row.〔(Famous Ruggers by Wes Clark and others ). Retrieved 19 August 2009.〕 In 1956, he married Bernadette Chodron de Courcel, with whom he had two daughters: Laurence (born 4 March 1958) and Claude (14 January 1962). Claude has long worked as a public relations assistant and personal adviser, while Laurence, who suffered from anorexia nervosa in her youth, does not participate in the political activities of her father.〔Colin Randall, ("Chirac's wife tells of anorexic daughter's death wish" ). ''Daily Telegraph''. 12 July 2004〕 Chirac is the grandfather of Martin Rey-Chirac by the relationship of Claude with French judoka Thierry Rey. Jacques and Bernadette Chirac also have a foster daughter, Anh Dao Traxel. Inspired by General Charles de Gaulle, Chirac started to pursue a civil service career in the 1950s. During this period, he joined the French Communist Party, sold copies of ''L'Humanité'', and took part in meetings of a communist cell.〔''France 3'', 12 November 1993〕 In 1950, he signed the Soviet-inspired Stockholm Appeal for the abolition of nuclear weapons – which led him to be questioned when he applied for his first visa to the United States.〔. ''L'Humanité'' 8 May 1995 (in French)〕 In 1953, after graduating from the Paris Institute of Political Studies, he attended Harvard University's summer school, before entering the ENA, the Grande école National School of Administration, which trains France's top civil servants, in 1957. Chirac trained as a reserve military officer in armoured cavalry at Saumur, where he was ranked first in his year.〔. Portail du Gouvernement – site du Premier ministre. 27 July 2004〕 He then volunteered to fight in the Algerian War, using personal connections to be sent despite the reservations of his superiors. His superiors did not want to make him an officer because they suspected he had communist leanings.〔Emmanuel Hecht and François Vey ''Chirac de A à Z, dictionnaire critique et impertinent'', A. Michel, 1995, ISBN 2-226-07664-6〕 After leaving the ENA in 1959, he became a civil servant in the Court of Auditors. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jacques Chirac」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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