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Gallstone
A gallstone, also called a cholelith, is a calculus (stone) formed within the gallbladder as a concretion of bile components. Lithiasis (stone formation) in the gallbladder is called cholelithiasis. Gallstones are formed in the gallbladder but may pass distally into other parts of the biliary tract such as the cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct or the ampulla of Vater. Rarely, in cases of severe inflammation, gallstones may erode through the gallbladder into adherent bowel potentially causing an obstruction termed gallstone ileus.
Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder may lead to acute cholecystitis,〔 Available on: April 26, 2013.〕 an inflammatory condition characterized by retention of bile in the gallbladder and often secondary infection by intestinal microorganisms, predominantly ''Escherichia coli'', Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and ''Bacteroides'' species.〔Simultaneous bacteriologic assessment of bile from gallbladder and common bile duct in control subjects and patients with gallstones and common duct stones, Csendes A, Burdiles P, Maluenda F, Diaz JC, Csendes P, Mitru N, Arch Surg. 1996;131(4):389.〕 Presence of gallstones in other parts of the biliary tract can cause obstruction of the bile ducts, which can lead to serious conditions such as ascending cholangitis or pancreatitis. Either of these two conditions can be life-threatening and are therefore considered to be medical emergencies.
==Definitions==
Presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as cholelithiasis, from the Greek ''chol''- (bile) + ''lith''- (stone) + ''iasis''- (process). If gallstones migrate into the ducts of the biliary tract, the condition is referred to as choledocholithiasis, from the Greek ''chol''- (bile) + ''docho''- (duct) + ''lith''- (stone) + ''iasis''- (process). Choledocholithiasis is frequently associated with obstruction of the biliary tree, which in turn can lead to acute ascending cholangitis, from the Greek: ''chol''- (bile) + ''ang''- (vessel) + ''itis''- (inflammation), a serious infection of the bile ducts. Gallstones within the ampulla of Vater can obstruct the exocrine system of the pancreas, which in turn can result in pancreatitis.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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