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Chełm ((ドイツ語:Kulm), (ウクライナ語:Холм), meaning ''a hill'') is a city in eastern Poland with 67,702 inhabitants (2007). It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some from the border with Ukraine. Chełm used to be the capital of the Chełm Voivodeship until it became part of the Lublin Voivodeship in 1999. The city is of mostly industrial character, though it also houses numerous notable historical monuments and tourist attractions. Chełm is named after the protected area known as Chełm Landscape Park, which lies to the north and east of the city. ==History== The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Chełm date back to at the least 9th century. The following century, a Slavic fortified town was created and initially served as a centre of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Slavic noun denoting a flat hill. The town's centre is located on a hill called ''góra chełmska''. However, it is also theorized that the name is derived from some Celtic root. In 981 the town, then inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of Buzhans, was made a part of Kievan Rus', along with the surrounding Cherven Towns. According to a local legend, Vladimir the Great built the first stone castle there in 1001. Following the Polish capture of Kiev in 1018, the region became part of Poland until returning to Kievan rule in 1031. In 1235, Danylo Romanovych of Halych granted the town a city charter and moved the capital of his domain there. He also built a new castle atop the hill in 1240 and created an Orthodox bishopric (now the Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary). Until the 14th century, the town developed as part of that state and then as part of the short-lived Princedom of Chełm and Bełz. In 1366, king Casimir III the Great annexed the region to Poland. On 4 January 1392, the town was relocated and Magdeburg Law was granted with vast internal autonomy. A Latin Catholic diocese of Chełm was created in 1359, but was moved to Krasnystaw after 1480.〔(Halina Lerski, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945'' (ABC CLIO 1996 ISBN 978-0-31303456-5), p. 63 )〕 No longer a residential bishopric, Chełm is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.〔''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 868〕 The Orthodox bishopric entered communion with the see of Rome in the late 16th century, but in 1867 it became part of the Russian Orthodox Church.〔 The town was the capital of a historical region of the Land of Chełm, administratively a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship with the capital in Lviv (Lwów). The city prospered in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was then that The Golem of Chełm by Rabbi Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm became famous, but the city declined in the 17th century due to the wars which ravaged Poland. In the 18th century, the situation in eastern Poland stabilized and the town started to slowly recover from the damages suffered during The Deluge and the Khmelnytsky's uprising. It attracted a number of new settlers from all parts of Poland, including people of Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish faiths. In 1794, the Chełm Voivodeship was established. Chełm was one of the first towns to join the Kościuszko's Uprising later that year. In the Battle of Chełm of 8 June 1794, the forces of Gen. Józef Zajączek were defeated by the Russians under Gen. Derfelden, Valerian Zubov and Boris Lacy, the town was yet again sacked by the assaulting armies. The following year, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland, the town was annexed by the Austrian Empire. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chełm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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