|
Jewish deicide is a long-held common belief in Christianity that laid the responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole.〔Tyron Inbody,( ''The Faith of the Christian Church: An Introduction to Theology,'' ) Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005 p.78.〕 The ethnoreligious slur "Christ-killer" used as the rallying cry of mobs intent on violence against their Jewish neighbours contributed to the effectiveness of many centuries of pogroms, the Crusaders' decimation of Jews, the Inquisition, and the Holocaust.〔Thomas Singer, 'Archeypral Defenses of the Group Spirit,' in Thomas Singer, Samuel L. Kimbles (eds.), ( ''The Cultural Complex: Contemporary Jungian Perspectives on Psyche and Society,'' ) Brunner/Routledge 2004 p.33.〕 At the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI repudiated belief in collective Jewish guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus.〔 Without mentioning of the New Testament, which has been taken as grounds for the charge of deicide, it declared that the charge can be made neither "against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today". ==Source of deicide charge== Justification of the charge of Jewish deicide has been sought in : The verse that reads: "All the people answered, 'His blood is on us and on our children!'" is also referred to as the blood curse, and has caused more Jewish suffering throughout history than any other passage in the New Testament.〔Ami-Jill Levine, 'Matthew, Mark and Luke: Good News or Bad?,' in Paula Fredriksen, Adele Reinhartz (eds.), (''Jesus, Judaism, and Christian Anti-Judaism: Reading the New Testament After the Holocaust,'' ) Westminster John Knox Press 2002 pp.77-98 p.91.〕 According to Jeremy Cohen: As early as 167 CE. Melito of Sardis in a tract that may have been designed to bolster a minor Christian sect's presence in Sardis, where Jews had a thriving community with excellent relations with Greeks, made assertions in his ''Peri Pascha'' that transformed the charge that Jews had killed their own Messiah into the charge that the Jews had killed God himself. He was the first writer in the Lukan-Pauline tradition to raise unambiguously the calumny of deicide against Jews.〔Abel Mordechai Bibliowicz, (''Jews and Gentiles in the Early Jesus Movement: An Unintended Journey,'' ) Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 pp.180-182.〕〔Christine Shepardson, (''Anti-Judaism and Christian Orthodoxy: Ephrem's Hymns in Fourth-century Syria ,'' ) CUA Press 2008 p.27.〕 This text blames the Jews for allowing King Herod and Caiaphas to execute Jesus, despite their calling as God's people (i.e., both were Jewish). It says "you did not know, O Israel, that this one was the firstborn of God." The author does not attribute particular blame to Pontius Pilate, but only mentions that Pilate washed his hands of guilt.〔(On the passover ) pp. 57, 82, 92, 93 from ''Kerux: The Journal of Northwest Theological Seminary''〕 At a time when Christians were widely persecuted, Melito's speech is believed to have been an appeal, not to punish Jews, but for Rome to spare Christians.〔R.M. Grant "Five Apologists and Marcus Aurelius" ''Vigiliae Christianae'' 42 (1988): 1–17〕 St John Chrysostom made the charge of deicide the cornerstone of his theology.〔Moshe Lazar, 'The Lamb and the Scapegoat: The Dehumanization of the Jews in Medieval Propaganda Imagery,' in Sander L. Gilman,Steven T. Katz (eds.), (''Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis,'' ) University of New York 1991 pp.38-79, p.47.〕 He was the first to use the term 'deicide'〔Fred Gladstone Bratton,(Crime of Christendom: The Theological Sources of Christian Anti-Semitism,'' ) Beacon Press, 1969 p.85.〕 and the first Christian preacher to apply the word "deicide" to the Jewish nation.〔David F. Kessler, (''The Falashas: A Short History of the Ethiopian Jews,'' ) Routledge 2012 p.76.〕〔Malcolm Vivian Hay (brother's blood: the roots of Christian anti-Semitism,'' ) Hart Pub. Co., 1975 p.30.〕 He held that for this putative 'deicide', there was no expiation, pardon or indulgence possible.〔Edward H. Flannery, ( ''The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism,'' ) Paulist Press, 1985 p.52.〕 The first occurrence of the Latin word ''deicida'' occurs in a Latin sermon by Peter Chrysologus.〔Wolfram Drews, ''The unknown neighbour: the Jew in the thought of Isidore of Seville,'' Brill, 2006 p.187.〕〔Charleton Lewis and Charles Short, ''Latin Dictionary'' (Latin Dictionary )〕 In the Latin version he wrote: ''Iudaeos () ... fecit esse deicidas'', i.e., "() made the Jews deicides".〔Sermons of Peter Chrysologus, vol. 6, (p. 116 ), "Sermo CLXXII", at Google Books〕 The accuracy of the Gospel accounts' portrayal of Jewish complicity in Jesus' death has been vigorously debated in recent decades, with views ranging from a denial of responsibility to extrensive culpability. According to the Jesuit scholar Daniel Harrington, the consensus of Jewish and Christian scholars is that there is some Jewish responsibility, regarding not the Jewish people, but regarding only the probable involvement of the high priests in Jerusalem at the time and their allies.〔Daniel J. Harrington, S.J. 'Retrieving the Jewishness of Jesus: Recent Developments,' in Leonard Greenspoon, Dennis Hamm, Bryan F. Le Beau, (''The Historical Jesus Through Catholic and Jewish Eyes,'' ) A&C Black, 2000 pp.67-84, p.78.〕 Many scholars read the story of the passion as an attempt to take the blame off Pilate and place it on the Jews, one which might have been at the time politically motivated. It is thought possible that Pilate ordered the crucifixion to avoid a riot, for example.〔Lars Kierspel, ( ''The Jews and the World in the Fourth Gospel: Parallelism, Function, and Context,'' ) Mohr Siebeck 2006 p.7.〕 Some scholars hold that the synoptic account is compatible with traditions in the Babylonian Talmud〔Günter Stemberger, ‘Rabbinic Reactions to the Christianization of Roman Palestine: A Survey of recent Research’ in Antii Laato,Pekka Lindqvist (eds.)(''Encounters of the Children of Abraham from Ancient to Modern Times,'' ) BRILL, 2010 pp.141-163 p.152. The Babylonian Talmud, as distinct from the Palestinian Talmud, conserves these traditions, arguably, because Palestine was under Christian domination, whereas the Sassanid Empire, which hosted major academies of the Jewish diaspora, viewed Christianity inimicably. The different political situation in the latter allowed for freer dissent.〕 and the writings of Moses Maimonides concerning the hanging of a certain Jesus (identified in the sources as Yashu'a) on the eve of Passover. Maimonides considered Jesus was a Jewish renegade in revolt against Judaism, that it was a religious commandment to kill Jesus and his students, and that Christianity was a religion attached to his name in a later period.〔Herbert Davidson, ( ''Moses Maimonides: The Man and His Works,'' ) Oxford University Press, 2004 pp.293,321.〕 In a passage widely censored in pre-modern editions for fear of the way it might feed into very real anti-Semitic attitudes, Maimonides wrote of "Jesus of Nazareth, who imagined that he was the Messiah, and was put to death by the court (Beth din)."〔Micah Goodman, (''Maimonides and the Book That Changed Judaism: Secrets of The Guide for the Perplexed,'' ) University of Nebraska Press, 2015 p.123.〕〔Menachem Marc Kellner,(''Maimonides on the "Decline of the Generations" and the Nature of Rabbinic Authority,'' ) SUNY Press, 1996 p.73.〕〔David Klinghoffer, (''Why the Jews Rejected Jesus: The Turning Point in Western History,'' ) Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony, 2007 p.3.〕 David Klinghoffer argues that to attribute blame to Jewish leaders for the death of Jesus is not ''ipso facto'' anti-Semitic, since Jewish writings conserve traditions compatible with this view.〔Klinghoffer pp.(72-3 ):'To say that Jewish leaders were instrumental in getting Jesus killed is ''not'' anti-Semitic. Otherwise we would have to call the medieval Jewish sage Moses Maimonides anti-Semitic and the rabbis of the Talmud as well'.'〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish deicide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|