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Christmas controversy
Controversies have arisen regarding the celebration or acknowledgment of the Christmas holiday (or the lack thereof) in government, media, advertising, retail, and various secular environments. The controversy also includes objections to policies that prohibit government or schools from forcing unwilling participants to take part in Christmas ceremonies. In the past, Christmas-related controversy was mainly restricted to concerns of a public focus on secular Christmas themes such as Santa Claus and gift-giving, rather than the birth of Jesus.
Modern-day controversy occurs mainly in Anglophone Protestant countries such as the United States, Canada,〔 〕 and to a much lesser extent the United Kingdom.〔 This usually involves governments or corporations avoiding the day's association with Christianity to be multiculturally sensitive. In recent decades in the United States, public, corporate, and the federal government mention of the term "Christmas" during the Christmas and holiday season has declined and been replaced with a generic term, usually "holiday" or "holidays," to avoid referring to Christmas by name and/or to be inclusive of other end-of-year observances such as Hanukkah and Kwanzaa.〔 Popular non-religious aspects of Christmas, such as Christmas trees, lights, and decorating are still prominently showcased and recognized, but are associated with unspecified "holidays" rather than with Christmas.〔 Also, several US chain retailers, such as Walmart, Macy's, and Sears, have experimented with greeting their customers with "Happy Holidays" or "Season's Greetings" rather than with "Merry Christmas".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An Unmerried Woman )〕
Some supporters of using terms such as "Happy Holidays" in place of "Merry Christmas", including some atheists and agnostics as well as some adherents of non-Christian religions and Christians who do not observe Christmas as a religious holiday, may remind others that many of the symbols and traditions that Western societies have come to associate with Christmas, such as caroling, Christmas trees, mistletoe, holly wreaths and yule logs,〔Rätsch, Christian Rätsch and Müller-Ebeling, Claudia (2006)Pagan Christmas: The Plants, Spirits, and Rituals at the Origins of Yuletide. Inner Traditions. ISBN 1-59477-092-1〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Christmas )〕 were originally syncretized from pre-Christian pagan traditions and festivals that predate Jesus. They argue, then, that such symbols and traditions need not be directly associated with Christmas.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Christmas Wars & Conspiracies: Conflicts over the Meaning of Christmas Season )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Celebrating Christmas: Sources of Christmas Traditions, Modern and Ancient )〕 Some opponents have denounced the generic term "Holidays" and avoidance of using the term "Christmas" as being politically correct.
==Julian calendar==
In 708 AUC (45 BC) the Julian calendar was put into effect. The Northern Hemisphere winter solstice occurred on December 25 that year .〔Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold, ''Calendrical Calculations'', Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp 169-171 et al〕 Many ancient societies observed the coming of the solstice and the increasing sun with festivals and/or religious rites. The establishment of the Julian calendar as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire had geographically widespread effects in associating the date of December 25 with the solstice in many cultures.
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