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Chutney (Hindi/ Nepali - "चटनी" also transliterated chatney or chatni, (シンド語:چٽڻي)) is a side dish in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent that can vary from a tomato relish to a ground peanut garnish or a yoghurt, cucumber and mint dip. An offshoot that took root in Anglo-Indian cuisine is usually a tart fruit such as sharp apples, rhubarb or damson pickle made milder by an equal weight of sugar (usually demerara or brown sugar to replace jaggery in some Indian sweet chutneys) Vinegar was added to the recipe for English style chutney that traditionally aims to give a long shelf life so that fall fruit can be preserved for use throughout the year (as are jams, jellies and pickles) or else to be sold as a commercial product. Indian pickles use mustard oil as a pickling agent, but Anglo-Indian style chutney uses malt or cider vinegar which produces a milder product that in western cuisine is usually eaten with a Cheddar type cheese or with cold meats and fowl typically in cold pub lunches.〔(Chutney of Empire )〕 Nowadays, some of the making of pickles and chutneys that at one time in India was done entirely in people's homes has partly passed over into commercial production. The disadvantage of commercial chutneys and those produced in western style with vinegar and large amounts of sugar is that the main aim of sugar and vinegar as preservatives is to make the product safe for long-term consumption. Regular consumption of these products (as distinct from the original Indian array of fresh relishes) can add to total sugar consumption being increased to unhealthy levels.〔(Food Safety )〕 In India, chutneys can be either made alongside pickles that are matured in the sun for up to two weeks and kept up to a year or, more usually, are freshly made from fresh ingredients that can be kept a couple of days or a week in the refrigerator. In south India, Thogayal or Thuvayal (''Tamil'') are preparations similar to chutney but with a pasty consistency. Medicinal plants that are believed to have a beneficial effect are sometimes made into chutneys, for example Pirandai Thuvayal〔(Pirandai Thuvayal ) 〕 or ridged gourd chutney (Peerkangai Thuvayal).〔(Peerkangai Thogayal - Ridged Gourd Chutney )〕 Ridged gourd can be bought in Chinese and Indian shops in large towns in the west.〔()〕 and, when dried, becomes a bath sponge known as a luffa| loofah. Bitter gourd can also serve as a base for a chutney which is like a relish〔(Bitter gourd chutney )〕〔(Karkaya - Bitter gourd chutney )〕 or, alternatively as a dried powder.〔(Bitter gourd chutney powder )〕 Occasionally, chutneys that contrast in taste and colour can be served together — a favourite combination being a green mint and chile chutney with a contrasting sweet brown tamarind and date chutney.〔(Date and Tamarind; Coriander and Mint Chutneys )〕〔(Khajur Imli ki Chutney )〕〔(Green Chutney Punjabi Style )〕〔(How to make green chutney and sweet chutney )〕 Chutneys may be ground with a mortar and pestle or an ''ammikkal'' (Tamil). Spices are added and ground, usually in a particular order; the wet paste thus made is sautéed in vegetable oil, usually gingelly (sesame) or peanut oil. Electric blenders or food processors can be used as labor-saving alternatives to stone grinding. American and European-style chutneys are usually fruit, vinegar, and sugar cooked down to a reduction, with added flavorings. These may include sugar, salt, garlic, tamarind, onion or ginger.〔Jellies, Jams & Chutneys, 〕 Western-style chutneys originated from Anglo-Indians at the time of the British Raj recreated Indian chutneys using English orchard fruits — sour cooking apples and rhubarb, for example. They would often contain dried fruit: raisins, currants and sultanas. They were a way to use a glut of fall fruit and preserving techniques were similar to sweet fruit preserves using approximately an equal weight of fruit and sugar, the vinegar and sugar acting as preservatives. South Indian chutney powders are made from roasted dried lentils to be sprinkled on idlis and dosas.〔(Dry Chutney Powders )〕 Peanut chutneys can be made wet or as a dry powder.〔(Peanut chutney recipe ) 〕〔(Peanut chutney powder ) 〕 Spices commonly used in chutneys include fenugreek, coriander, cumin and asafoetida (''hing''). Other prominent ingredients and combinations include cilantro, capsicum, mint (coriander and mint chutneys are often called ''hari'' chutney, Hindi for "green"), Tamarind or Imli (often called ''meethi'' chutney, as ''meethi'' in Hindi means "sweet"), sooth (or ''saunth'', made with dates and ginger), coconut, onion, prune, tomato, red chili, green chili, mango lime (made from whole, unripe limes), garlic, coconut, peanut, dahi, green tomato, dhaniya pudina (cilantro and mint), peanut (''shengdana'' chutney in Marathi), ginger, yogurt, red chili powder, tomato onion chutney,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tomato Onion chutney « Sinful Curry )〕 cilantro mint coconut chutney〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cilantro Mint Coconut Chutney « Sinful Curry )〕 and apricot. Major Grey's Chutney is a type of sweet and spicy chutney popular in the United Kingdom and the United States. The recipe was reportedly created by a 19th-century British Army officer of the same name (likely apocryphal) who presumably lived in Colonial India. Its characteristic ingredients are mango, raisins, vinegar, lime juice, onion, tamarind extract, sweetening and spices. Several companies produce a Major Grey's Chutney, in India, the UK and the US. == Etymology == The word "chutney" is derived from the Hindi word ', meaning to lick. It is written differently in North and South Indian languages ((ネパール語:चटनी), (グジャラート語:ચટણી), (ベンガル語:চাটনী), (マラーティー語:चटणी), (パンジャーブ語:ਚਟਣੀ), (タミル語:சட்டினி ''chaṭṭiṉi'', காரத் துவையல் ''karathuvaiyal''), (カンナダ語:ಚಟ್ನಿ), (ヒンディー語:चटनी), (ウルドゥー語:چٹنی), (シンド語:چٽڻي), (マラヤーラム語:ചട്ടിണി, ''chattin̩i'', ചമ്മന്തി), (テルグ語:పచ్చడి)). ''Pacchadi'', as written in Telugu script, refers specifically to pickled fruits, whilst chutney refers to minced foods, usually made out of coconuts. In India, "chutney" refers to fresh and pickled preparations indiscriminately. Several Indian languages use the word for fresh preparations only. A different word ''achār'' ((ヒンディー語:अचार)) applies to pickles that often contain oil and are rarely sweet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chutney」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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