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The ''piffero'' () or ''piffaro'' is a double reed musical instrument with a conical bore, of the oboe family (Sachs-Hornbostel category 422.112). It is used to play music in the tradition of the ''quattro province'', an area of mountains and valleys in the north-west Italian Apennines which includes parts of the four provinces of Alessandria, Genoa, Piacenza and Pavia. It is also played throughout Southern Italy with different fingering styles dictated by local tradition. The instrument is a descendant of the Medieval shawm and belongs to the family of the bombarde. The reed used by the ''piffero'' is inserted in a conical brass tube, which is itself inserted in a ''pirouette''. This peculiarity, which is shared with oriental and ancient oboes, is unique in Italy. The ''piffero'' has eight tone holes, one of which, on the back of the instrument, is usually covered by the left hand thumb, and ends with a bell, where a cock tail feather (used to clean the reed) typically rests during execution. Traditionally in Northern Italy it was accompanied by an Appennine bagpipe known as the ''müsa''. In the early 20th century the ''müsa'' was largely displaced by the accordion, which musicians found in some ways more versatile. However towards the end of the twentieth century the bagpipes made a comeback and today the piffero is commonly accompanied by either of these instruments, or by both. Other regional names for the piffero in Southern Italy are "ciaramella" or "pipita." It is still commonly played in accompaniment with the Southern Italian Zampogna, an instrument which itself is essentially a series of pifferos stuck into a common stock and supplied with air through the use of a goat skin bag. In some regions of Southern Italy, particularly in the Valle Lucania, two pifferos are played simultaneously by a single player similar to how one would play the aulos in ancient Greece. Related to the piffero is a larger Sicilian instrument known as the ''bifora'', or ''pifara''. ==Other uses of the term ''piffero''== Piffero is sometimes used as the name of an organ stop which emulates the sound of members of the shawm family;〔(Encyclopedia of Organ Stops )〕〔According to Carlo Locher, ''Manuale dell'organista'', Milano, Cisalpino-Goliardica, 1987, p. 127, it is a two-rank (4' and 2') flute stop.〕 while ''Piffaro'' (or: ''Fiffaro'')〔Corrado Moretti, ''L'organo italiano'', 2nd ed., Milano, Casa Musicale Eco, 1973, p. 337〕 is the name of an organ stop, also known as ''Voce Umana'', whose sound resembles a vibrato transverse flute.〔(Encyclopedia of Organ Stops )〕 The Italian word ''piffero'' can also refer to the fife, as in Michael Haydn's Symphony in C major, Perger 10, which calls for pifferi in addition to regular flutes. ''Piffaro'' is also the name of a performance ensemble specializing in Renaissance music.〔(Piffaro's web site )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Piffero」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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