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The Cichorioideae are a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants. Familiar members of Cichorioideae include lettuce, dandelions, and ''Gazania'' species. The subfamily comprises about 240 genera and about 2900 species. It is heterogeneous and hard to characterize except with molecular characters. ==Taxonomy== The subfamily as understood in 1998 turned out to be paraphyletic, based on studies of DNA sequences, so a number of tribes were moved to new subfamilies. Names for the new subfamilies were published in 2002.〔 〕 In 2004, 2007, and 2008, molecular phylogenetic studies further clarified relationships within Cichorioideae.〔Sterling C. Keeley, Zac H. Forsman, and Raymund Chan. 2007. "A phylogeny of the "evil tribe" (Vernonieae: Compositae) reveals Old/New World long distance dispersal: Support from separate and combined congruent datasets (''trn''L-F, ''ndh''F, ITS)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 44(1):89-103.〕〔Jose L. Panero and Vicki A. Funk. 2008. "The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: Major clades of the Asteraceae revealed". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 47(2):757–782.〕 Major works on Asteraceae were published in 2007 and 2009. These were the only comprehensive treatments of the family since 1994.〔Kåre Bremer (with the assistance of Arne A. Anderberg, Per Ola Karis, Bertil Nordenstam, Johannes Lundberg, and Olof Ryding). 1994. ''Asteraceae: cladistics and classification''. Timber Press: Oregon, USA. ISBN 978-0-88192-275-2.〕 In the 2007 book, ''Gundelia'' and ''Warionia'' were segregated from the tribe Cichorieae to form the tribe Gundelieae. ''Eremothamnus'', ''Hoplophyllum'', ''Heterolepis'', and ''Platycarpha'' were placed ''incertae sedis'' in tribe Arctotideae, while ''Distephanus'', ''Trichospira'', ''Moquinia'', and ''Pseudostifftia'' were placed in the tribe Vernonieae.〔Klaus Kubitzki (series editor); Joachim W. Kadereit and Charles Jeffrey (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VIII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1〕 Some of this classification was not supported by phylogenetic studies that came out later.〔〔 For example, the tribe Arctotideae was only weakly supported as monophyletic, but its two subtribes, Arctotidinae and Gorteriinae, were strongly supported. In the 2009 book, the Gundelieae were sunk into the Cichorieae. The new tribe Platycarpheae was recognized, as well as the tribes Eremothamneae and Moquinieae. ''Heterolepis'' was placed in the Arctotideae, at least provisoinally. ''Distephanus'' was not placed in the Moquinieae or the Vernonieae, but is closely related to them.〔Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, and Randall J. Bayer. 2009. ''Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae''. IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy). ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 (see ''External links'' below).〕 ''Trichospira'' was placed in the Vernonieae, but its inclusion there is in doubt. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cichorioideae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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