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The early Buddhist thinkers emphasised the unitary nature of the mind. The ''Sarvastivadins'' in order to explain the unity of the mind described the mind as a ground or base which they called Cittabhumi. They rejected the realm of unconsciousness, ''alaya-vijnana'', postulated by the ''Yogacarins'' of Mahayana Buddhism who believed that from the realm of unconsciousness arose the conscious mind and the objects. But the ''Sarvastivadins'' recognised five types of ''Cittabhumi'' from which psychological phenomenon arose. Citta i.e. the mind, that alongside Manas, Buddhi and Ahamkara is an internal organ, whose function is recollection, constituted by three Gunas viz Sattva, Rajas and Tamas, reflects the self in accordance with any one of its modified states, ''vritti'', which are ''Pramāṇa'' with its three kinds of cognition – perception, inference and verbal testimony, ''Vikalpa'' which is mere verbal idea caused by meaningless words, ''Viparyaya'' which is knowledge of things as they are not, ''Nidra'' or dreamless sleep and ''Smrti'' or memory. These reflections result in the self being afflicted by ''Klesas'' – Avidya (wrong or false knowledge), ''Asmita'' (false notion or perception), ''Raga'' (attachment), ''Dvea'' (aversion), and ''Abhnivesha'' (fear of death). Thus, the mind may remain in five different levels which mental levels or functions or stages, five in number, are known as Cittabhumi These five stages of the mind, as defined by Vyasa, are:- :• ''Ksipta'' or distracted. The distracted mind being overpowered by ''Rajas'' is extremely unsteady unable to concentrate or decide, and is the source of pleasure or pain. :• ''Mudha'' or infatuated. The infatuated mind being overpowered by ''Tamas'' succumbs to commit unrighteous acts influenced by violent emotions. :• ''Viksipta'' or occasionally steady. The occasionally steady mind, unsteady for most part, influenced by ''Sattva'' is able to withdraw itself from painful objects and become fixed on pleasurable objects. :• ''Ekagra'' or one-pointed. The one-pointed mind influenced by pure ''Sattva'' is able to withdraw from all objects i.e. totally introverted, to remain focussed on one object. :• ''Niruddha'' or restrained. The restrained mind also influenced by pure ''Sattva'' arrests all mental functions i.e. there is complete suspension of all mental modes and sub-conscious dispositions. The first three afore-mentioned stages of mind are unfit for concentration for they are attended by mental modes. Yoga is not possible in these conditions. Ordinary people live on the level of ''Ksipta'' or ''Mudha''. The last two mentioned stages are conducive to yoga and for Samadhi. ''Ekagra'' stage is also called ''Sampramata yoga'' in which the mind assumes the form of the object itself. ''Niruddha'' stage is known as ''Samprajnata yoga'' or ''Samadhi'' in which nothing is known or thought of by the mind. In the Yoga system ''Buddhi'' (intellect), ''Ahamkara'' (ego) and ''Indriyas'' (senses) are often called ''Citta''. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cittabhumi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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