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City-state
A city-state is a sovereign state consisting of a city and its dependent territories.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=city-state )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=city-state )〕 Historically this included famous cities like Rome, Athens, Carthage〔 and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance, but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which states should and should not be considered as city-states. However, a great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore, Monaco and Vatican City. A number of other states share similar characteristics and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states. These include Malta,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The emblem of Malta, Department of Information, Official Website of President of Malta )〕〔("This very crowded isle: England is most over-populated country in EU" ) – Daily Mail〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Draft National Strategy for the Cultural and Creative Industries – Creative Malta'' )〕〔(Malta ) - European Central Bank〕 Bahrain,〔〔 and San Marino〔Mogens, Hansen. 2000. "Introduction: The Concepts of City-States and City-State Culture." In ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures,'' Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre. Pg. 19〕〔Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. ''Sovereign City: The City-state Through History'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.〕〔Mogens, Hansen. 2002. ''A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures: An Investigation'' Pg. 91〕and Andorra which are microstates with high population densities; as well as Qatar,〔Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. ''Sovereign City: The City-state Through History'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pg. 219〕〔Roberts, David. 2014. ''Qatar: Securing the Global Ambitions of a City-state.'' London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.〕 Brunei,〔 and Kuwait,〔〔〔El-Katiri, Laura, Bassam Fattouh and Paul Segal. 2011 ''Anatomy of an oil-based welfare state: rent distribution in Kuwait.'' Kuwait City: Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States〕 each characterised by a highly populated urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population.
Additionally, several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy, and are sometimes considered city-states. Hong Kong and Macau, along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates, most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi, often are cited as such.〔〔〔Kotkin, Joel. 2010. "A New Era for the City-State?" In ''Forbes.''〕
== Historical background ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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