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Clavaria
''Clavaria'' is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae. Species of ''Clavaria'' produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are either cylindrical to club-shaped or branched and coral-like. They are often grouped with similar-looking species from other genera, when they are collectively known as the clavarioid fungi. All ''Clavaria'' species are terrestrial and most (if not all) are believed to be saprotrophic (decomposing dead plant material). In Europe, they are typical of old, mossy, unimproved grassland. In North America and elsewhere, they are more commonly found in woodlands.
==History==
''Clavaria'' (the name is derived from the Latin "clava", a club) was first introduced as a genus name by Vaillant (1727),〔 later accepted by Micheli (1729),〔 and was one of the original genera used by Linnaeus in his ''Species Plantarum'' of 1753.〔 It contained all species of fungi with erect, club-shaped or branched (coral-like) fruit bodies, including many that are now referred to the Ascomycota. Subsequent authors described over 1200 species in the genus.〔 The name ''Clavaria'' was also used for a group of red algae in the Gelidiaceae family of the Rhodophyta by Stackhouse in 1816.〔 Because ''Clavaria'' Stackh. was also validly published, Donk in 1949 proposed that ''Clavaria'' Stackh. be rejected as a homonym of ''Clavaria'' Fries and that the latter name be retained as a ''nomen conservandum'' (conserved name).〔 This proposal was moved by Doty (1948),〔 recommended for adoption by Rogers (1949),〔 and approved by the Special Committee for Fungi.〔
With increasing use of the microscope in the late nineteenth century, most of the ascomycetous members of the genus were recognized as distinct and moved to other genera. ''Clavaria'' was, however, still widely used for the majority of the basidiomycetous species until Corner published his world monograph of the clavarioid fungi in 1950, introducing the modern concept of the genus.〔 Corner restricted ''Clavaria'' to those species with fruit bodies having inflated, unclamped, context hyphae (a character that makes ''Clavaria'' fruit bodies distinctly brittle). Species with clamped hyphae were placed in the segregate genera ''Clavulinopsis'' and ''Ramariopsis''. This concept was modified in 1978 by Petersen, who considered ''Clavulinopsis'' an artificial genus, moving the majority of species to ''Ramariopsis'' but a minority back into ''Clavaria''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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