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Clergy are some of the formal leaders within certain religions. The roles and functions of clergy vary in different religious traditions but these usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are ''cleric'', ''clergyman'', ''clergywoman'', ''clergyperson'', and ''churchman''. In Christianity the specific names and roles of clergy vary by denomination and there is a wide range of formal and informal clergy positions, including deacons, priests, bishops, preachers, pastors, and ministers. In Islam, a religious leader is often known formally or informally as an imam, mufti, mullah or ayatollah. In Jewish tradition, a religious leader is often a rabbi or hazzan (cantor). ==Etymology== The term ultimately comes from the Greek "κλῆρος" - ''klēros'', "a lot", "that which is assigned by lot" (allotment) or metaphorically, "inheritance".〔(κλῆρος ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English'' Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary - Clergy )〕 Within Christianity, especially in Eastern Christianity and formerly in Western Roman Catholicism, the term ''cleric'' refers to any individual who has received the clerical tonsure, including deacons, priests, and bishops.〔(Cleric ) - ''Catholic Encyclopedia''〕 In Latin Roman Catholicism, the tonsure was a prerequisite for receiving any of the minor orders or major orders before the tonsure, minor orders, and the subdiaconate were abolished following the Second Vatican Council.〔Paul VI, Apostolic letter ''motu proprio'' ''Ministeria quaedam'' nos. 2–4, 64 AAS 529 (1972).〕 Now, the clerical state is tied to reception of the diaconate.〔''Ministeria quaedam'' no. 1; CIC Canon 266 § 1.〕 Minor Orders are still given in the Eastern Catholic Churches, and those who receive those orders are 'minor clerics.'〔CCEO Canon 327; George Nedungatt, ''Clerics'', ''in'' A Guide to the Eastern Code 255, 260 (2002).〕 The use of the word "cleric" is also appropriate for Eastern Orthodox minor clergy who are tonsured in order not to trivialise orders such as those of Reader in the Eastern Church, or for those who are tonsured yet have no minor or major orders. It is in this sense that the word entered the Arabic language, most commonly in Lebanon from the French, as ''kleriki'' (or, alternatively, ''cleriki'') meaning "seminarian." This is all in keeping with Eastern Orthodox concepts of clergy, which still include those who have not yet received, or do not plan to receive, the diaconate. The term clerk derives from cleric,〔 since in medieval times the clergy were one of the few groups who could read, and therefore were often employed to do bookkeeping and similar work. The term clerical work continues to this day to refer to such functions. A priesthood is a body of priests, shamans, or oracles who have special religious authority or function. The term priest is derived from the Greek presbyter (πρεσβύτερος, ''presbýteros'', elder or senior), but is often used in the sense of sacerdos in particular, i.e., for clergy performing ritual within the sphere of the sacred or numinous communicating with the gods on behalf of the community. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clergy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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