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|subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = Counties |subdivision_name2 = Cuyahoga |government_type = Mayor–council |governing_body = Cleveland City Council |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Frank G. Jackson (D) |established_title = Founded |established_date = July 22, 1796 |established_title2 = Incorporated |established_date2 = December 23, 1814 (village) |established_title3 = |established_date3 = March 6, 1836 (city)〔https://books.google.com/books?id=sxcOAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA443&ots=hr76tKBLpL&dq=cleveland%20city%20charter%201836&pg=PA443#v=onepage&q=cleveland%20city%20charter%201836&f=false〕 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = 〔 |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 213.60 |area_land_km2 = 201.24 |area_water_km2 = 12.35 |area_total_sq_mi = 82.47 |area_land_sq_mi = 77.70 |area_water_sq_mi = 4.77 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_est = 389521 |pop_est_as_of = 2014 |pop_est_footnotes = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html )〕 |population_footnotes = 〔 |population_total = 396815 |population_rank = US: 48th |population_density_km2 = 1971.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 5107.0 |population_urban = 1,780,673 (US: 25th) |population_metro = 2,064,725 (US: 29th) |population_blank1_title = CSA |population_blank1 = 3,501,538 (US: 15th) |population_demonym = Clevelander |postal_code_type = ZIP codes |postal_code = |area_code = 216 |timezone = EST |utc_offset = −5 |timezone_DST = EDT |utc_offset_DST = −4 |coordinates_display = inline,title |latd= 41 |latm= 28 |lats= 56 |latNS=N |longd= 81 |longm= 40 |longs= 11 |longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 199 |elevation_ft = 653 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 39-16000 |blank1_name = GNIS feature ID |blank1_info = |website = (City of Cleveland ) |footnotes = }} Cleveland ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County,〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=June 7, 2011 )〕 the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame )〕 and the Cleveland Clinic.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Cleveland Clinic )〕 As of the 2013 Census Estimate, the city proper had a total population of 390,113, making Cleveland the 48th largest city in the United States,〔 and the second largest city in Ohio after Columbus.〔 Greater Cleveland, the Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, ranked 29th largest in the United States, and second largest in Ohio after Cincinnati with 2,064,725 people in 2013. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, which in 2013 had a population of 3,501,538, and ranked as the country's 15th largest CSA.〔 Residents of Cleveland are called "Clevelanders". Nicknames for the city include "The Forest City", "Metropolis of the Western Reserve", "The Rock and Roll Capital of the World", "C-Town", and the more historical "Sixth City". Due to its proximity to Lake Erie, the Cleveland area is often referred to locally as "The North Coast".〔〔〔 ==History== (詳細はConnecticut Land Company laid out Connecticut's Western Reserve into townships and a capital city they named "Cleaveland" after their leader, General Moses Cleaveland. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the modern downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home, never again to visit Ohio. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River. The Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Cleveland: A Bicentennial Timeline )〕 In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal. This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected the city to the Atlantic Ocean via the Erie Canal and later via the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Growth continued with added railroad links.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Ohio and Erie Canal )〕 Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836.〔 In 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854.〔 The city's prime geographic location as transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a destination point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota, along with coal transported by rail. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, and moved its headquarters to New York City in 1885. Cleveland emerged in the early 20th Century as an important American manufacturing center, which included automotive companies such as Peerless, People's,〔Clymer, Floyd. ''Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925'' (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.178.〕 Jordan, Chandler, and Winton, maker of the first car driven across the U.S.〔Clymer, p.156.〕 Other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. By 1920, due in large part to the city's economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nation's fifth largest city.〔 The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders. Many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield,〔Find A Grave: (Lake View Cemetery. ) Findagrave.com. Retrieved on May 9, 2007.〕 and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown. Conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Great Lakes Exposition )〕 The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Burke Lakefront Airport, among others. Following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series and the Browns dominated professional football in the 1950s. Businesses proclaimed that Cleveland was the "best location in the nation".〔 Transcription at ''The Cleveland Memory Project'' website.〕〔(Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. ) Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. June 14, 1997. Retrieved on August 2, 2007.〕 In 1940, non-Hispanic whites represented 90.2% of Cleveland's population.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. Census Bureau )〕 The city's population reached its peak of 914,808, and in 1949 Cleveland was named an All-America City for the first time.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=AAC Winners by State and City )〕 By the 1960s, the economy slowed, and residents sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of urban flight and suburban growth.〔(SUBURBS ) The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved January 20, 2013.〕 In the 1950s and 1960s, social and racial unrest occurred in Cleveland, resulting in the Hough Riots from July 18, 1966 to July 23, 1966 and the Glenville Shootout from July 23, 1968, to July 25, 1968. In November 1967, Cleveland became the first major American city to elect a black mayor, Carl Stokes (who served from 1968 to 1971). Suburbanization changed the city in the late 1960s and 1970s, when financial difficulties and a notorious 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River challenged the city. This, along with the city's struggling professional sports teams, drew negative national press. As a result, Cleveland was often derided as "The Mistake on the Lake". In December 1978, Cleveland became the first major American city to enter into a financial default on federal loans since the Great Depression.〔 By the beginning of the 1980s, several factors, including changes in international free trade policies, inflation and the Savings and Loans Crisis contributed to the recession that impacted cities like Cleveland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/3_85.pdf )〕 While unemployment during the period peaked in 1983, Cleveland's rate of 13.8% was higher than the national average due to the closure of several production centers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FISHER BODY DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS CORP )〕 The metropolitan area began a gradual economic recovery under mayors George Voinovich and Michael R. White. Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway complex—consisting of Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena, and near North Coast Harbor—including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Great Lakes Science Center. Cleveland has been hailed by local media as the "Comeback City", while economic development of the inner-city neighborhoods and improvement of the school systems are municipal priorities.〔Jackson, Frank, . City of Cleveland, Ohio. March 1, 2007. Retrieved on August 1, 2007.〕 In 1999, Cleveland was identified as an emerging global city.〔(GaWC Research Bulletin 5 ), GaWC, Loughborough University, July 28, 1999〕 In the 21st century, the city has improved infrastructure, is more diversified, and has invested in the arts. Cleveland is generally considered an example of revitalization. The city's goals include additional neighborhood revitalization and increased funding for public education. In 2009, it was announced that Cleveland was chosen to host the 2014 Gay Games, the fourth city in the United States to host this international event. On July 8, 2014, it was announced that Cleveland was chosen to be the host city of the 2016 Republican National Convention. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cleveland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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