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Cluj-Napoca (; ; (ハンガリー語:Kolozsvár), ; Medieval Latin: ''Castrum Clus'', ''Claudiopolis''; (イディッシュ語:קלויזנבורג), ''Kloiznburg''), commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Cluj County in the northwestern part of the country. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (), Budapest () and Belgrade (). Located in the Someșul Mic River valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital to the historical province of Transylvania. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania. As of 2011, 324,576 inhabitants live within the city limits, marking a slight increase from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.〔 The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people,〔 while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: ''zona periurbană'') exceeds 420,000 residents.〔 The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca became operational in December 2008. According to a 2007 estimate provided by the County Population Register Service, the city hosts a visible population of students and other non-residents—an average of over 20,000 people each year during 2004–2007. The city spreads out from St. Michael's Church in Unirii Square, built in the 14th century and named after the Archangel Michael, the patron saint of Cluj-Napoca. The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of . An analysis undertaken by the real estate agency Profesional Casa indicates that, because of infrastructure development, communes such as Feleacu, Vâlcele, Mărtinești, Jucu and Baciu will eventually become neighbourhoods of the city, thereby enlarging its area. Cluj-Napoca experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, Gheorghe Funar. Today, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden; nationally renowned cultural institutions; as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank. As of 2015, Cluj-Napoca is European Youth Capital. == Etymology == On the site of the city was a pre-Roman settlement named ''Napoca''. After the AD 106 Roman conquest of the area, the place was known as ''Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca''. Possible etymologies for ''Napoca'' or ''Napuca'' include the names of some Dacian tribes such as the ''Naparis'' or ''Napaei'', the Greek term ''napos'' (νάπος), meaning "timbered valley" or the Indo-European root '' *snā-p-'' (Pokorny 971-2), "to flow, to swim, damp".〔Lukács 2005, p.14〕 The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the Medieval Latin name ''Castrum Clus''. Despite the fact that ''Clus'' as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document ''Thomas comes Clusiensis'',〔Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.32 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)〕 it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the ''castrum'', which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa.〔 With respect to the name of this camp, it is widely accepted as a derivation from the Latin term ''clausa – clusa'', meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".〔 Similar senses are attributed to the Slavic term ''kluč'', meaning "a key"〔 and the German ''Klause – Kluse'' (meaning "mountain pass" or "weir"). The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of Cluj-Mănăștur.〔 An alternative hypothesis relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, ''Miklus'' – ''Miklós'' / ''Kolos''.〔 The Hungarian form ''Kolozsvár'', first recorded in 1246 as ''Kulusuar'', underwent various phonetic changes over the years (''uar''/''vár'' means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant ''Koloswar'' first appears in a document from 1332. Its Saxon name ''Clusenburg''/''Clusenbvrg'' appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form ''Clausenburg'' was used.〔 The Romanian name of the city used to be spelled alternately as ''Cluj'' or ''Cluș'', the latter being the case in Mihai Eminescu's ''Poesis''. In 1974, the Romanian Communist authorities added "-Napoca" to the city's name as a nationalist gesture, emphasising its pre-Roman roots. The full name is rarely used outside of official contexts.〔Brubaker et al. 2006, p.xxi〕 In Yiddish it is known as ' (''Klazin'') or ' (Kloyznburg).〔 The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade.〔Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.39 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)〕 The phrase is ''kincses város'' in Hungarian,〔 given in Romanian as ''orașul comoară''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cluj-Napoca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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