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The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor. The movement began within the Benedictine order at Cluny, founded in 910 by William I, Duke of Aquitaine (875-918).The reforms were largely carried out by Saint Odo (c. 878 – 942) and spread throughout France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), into England (the English Benedictine Reform), and through much of Italy and Spain.〔(Kiefer, James E., "Early Abbots of Cluny", The Society of Archbishop Justus )〕 ==Background== In the early 10th century, Western monasticism, which had flourished several centuries earlier with St Benedict of Nursia, was experiencing a severe decline due to unstable political and social conditions resulting from the nearly continuous Viking raids, widespread poverty and, especially, the dependence of abbeys on the local nobles who controlled all that belonged to the territories under their jurisdiction. The impetus for the reforms lay in abuses thought to be a result of secular interference in the monasteries and of the Church's tight integration with the feudal and manorial systems. Since a Benedictine monastery required land, it needed the patronage of a local lord. However, the lord would often demand rights and assert prerogatives that interfered with the operation of the monastery.〔(Nelson, Lynn Harry. "Cluny and Ecclesiastical Reform", Lectures in Medieval History, University of Kansas )〕 Patrons normally retained a proprietary interest and expected to install their kinsmen as abbots. Local aristocrats often established churches, monasteries, and convents that they then considered as family property, taking revenues from them, and leaving the monks that remained subsisting in poverty.〔(Duckett, Eleanor Shipley. ''Death and Life in the Tenth Century'', University of Michigan Press, 1967, ISBN 9780472061723 )〕 Some monasteries were established by feudal lords with the intention of retiring there at some point. The Benedictine Rule was modified to schedule matins when it would not interrupt sleep, and expanded the vegetarian diet. Monks in these houses wore richer, warmer clothing and were free to disregard the rules pertaining to fasting.〔(Smith, Lucy Margaret. ''The early history of the monastery of Cluny'', Oxford University Press，1920 )〕 The Cluny reform was an attempt to remedy these practices in the hope that a more independent abbot would better enforce the Rule of Saint Benedict. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cluniac Reforms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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