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Clusivity
In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between ''inclusive'' and ''exclusive'' first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called ''inclusive "we"'' and ''exclusive "we"''. Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressee (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes the addressee (that is, another word for "we" means "he/she/they and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved. While imagining that this sort of distinction could be made in other persons (particularly the second) is straightforward, in fact the existence of second-person clusivity (you vs. you and them) in natural languages is controversial and not well attested.〔Simon, Horst J. ''Only you? Philological investigations into the alleged inclusive-exclusive distinction in the second person plural'', in: Elena Filimonova (ed.): ''Clusivity: Typology and case studies of the inclusive-exclusive distinction.'' Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2005. ()〕
The first published description of the inclusive-exclusive distinction by a European linguist was in a description of languages of Peru in 1560 by Fr. Domingo de Santo Tomas in his ''Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los Reynos del Perú'', published in Valladolid, Spain.〔Mary Haas. 1969. "Exclusive" and "inclusive": A look at early usage. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 35:1-6.〕
First-person clusivity is a common feature among Dravidian, Australian and Austronesian languages, and is also found in languages of eastern, southern, and southwestern Asia, America, and in some creole languages. Some African languages also make this distinction, such as Fulfulde (Fula). No European language outside the Caucasus makes this distinction grammatically, but some constructions may be semantically inclusive or exclusive.
==Schematic paradigm==
Clusivity paradigms may be summarized as a two-by-two grid:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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