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Codependent relationships are a type of dysfunctional helping relationship where one person, often at an unconscious level, allows themselves to be constantly manipulated, maneuvered, undermined and controlled by another person. Co-dependency is an obsessive and extreme form of self-sacrifice as they do not believe they can manage alone. An individual's self-esteem is at rock bottom and it is as if they no longer truly act under their own will.〔http://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/co-dependent.htm〕 One completely depends on the other for their sense of self-worth, often unconsciously manipulating them to get the attention they want in an all-consuming way.〔http://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/what-is-interdependency.htm〕 Among the core characteristics of codependency, the most common theme is an excessive reliance on others for approval and identity. A co-dependent person will constantly accept poor behaviour from someone. Everyone will experience times in their lives when they act codependently as we are all at some point a bit needy, but in therapeutic terms, these are just instances of ‘codependent behaviour’, which is different to being a full-blown codependent.〔http://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/great-codependency-hoax-codependent.htm〕 ==History== According to disability studies specialist Lennard J. Davis, historically, the concept of co-dependence "comes directly out of Alcoholics Anonymous, part of a dawning realization that the problem was not solely the addict, but also the family and friends who constitute a network for the alcoholic." It was subsequently broadened to cover the way "that the codependent person is fixated on another person for approval, sustenance, and so on."〔 The concept of codependency overlaps with, but developed in the mainstream independently from, the older psychoanalytic concept of the passive dependent personality which is attaching oneself to a stronger personality. "Dependency" is well-established in psychological literature. Whereas early on psychoanalytic theory emphasized the oral character and structural basis of dependency, social learning theory considered a tendency to be acquired by learning and experience, and ethological attachment theory posited that attachment or affectional bonding is the basis for dependency. All three theories have contributed to the concept of dependent personality disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The definition and criteria have changed in the different versions of the DSM. In DSM-I, passive dependency personality was characterized by helplessness, denial, and indecisiveness, and was considered a subtype of passive aggressive personality. By DSM-IV, there were nine criteria with an essential feature of a pervasive or lifetime pattern of dependent and submissive behavior. The DSM-IV definition emphasized the excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation. The codependency movement may have its roots in the theories of German psychoanalyst Karen Horney. In 1941, she proposed that some people adopt what she termed a "Moving Toward" personality style to overcome their basic anxiety. Essentially, these people move toward others by gaining their approval and affection, and unconsciously control them through their dependent style. They are unselfish, virtuous, martyr-like, faithful, and turn the other cheek despite personal humiliation. Approval from others is more important than respecting themselves. Al-Anon was formed in 1951, 16 years after Alcoholics Anonymous was founded.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 AA Timeline )〕 Al-Anon holds the view that alcoholism is a family illness and is one of the earliest recognitions of codependency. The expansion of the meaning of codependency happened very publicly. *Janet G. Woititz's ''Adult Children of Alcoholics'' had come out in 1983 and sold two million copies while being on the New York Times best seller list for forty-eight weeks.〔 *Robin Norwood's ''Women Who Love Too Much'', 1985, sold two and a half million copies and spawned Twelve Step groups across the country for women "addicted" to men.〔 *Melody Beattie popularized the concept of codependency in 1986 with the book ''Codependent No More'' which sold eight million copies.〔J. S. Rice, ''A Disease of One's Own'' (1998) p. 2〕 In 1986, Timmen Cermak, M.D. wrote ''Diagnosing and Treating Co-Dependence: A Guide for Professionals''. In the book and an article published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Volume 18, Issue 1, 1986), Cermak argued (unsuccessfully) for the inclusion of codependency as a separate personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Cermak's book paved the way for a Twelve-step take-off program, called Co-Dependents Anonymous. The first Co-Dependents Anonymous meeting was held October 22, 1986.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Codependency」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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