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Collective farming and communal farming are various types of agricultural production in which several farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise.〔Definition of collective farm in ''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.〕 This type of collective is essentially an agricultural production cooperative in which member-owners engage jointly in farming activities. Notable examples of collective farming include the kolkhozy that dominated Soviet agriculture between 1930 and 1991 and the Israeli kibbutzim.〔Article on large-farm management in ''Encyclopædia Britannica 2004 CD''.〕 Both are collective farms based on common ownership of resources and on pooling of labour and income in accordance with the theoretical principles of cooperative organizations. They differ radically, however, in the application of the cooperative principles relative to freedom of choice and democratic rule. The establishment of kolkhozy in the Soviet Union during the country-wide collectivization campaign of 1928-1933 exemplifies forced collectivization, whereas the kibbutzim in Israel traditionally form through voluntary collectivization and govern themselves as democratic entities. The element of forced or state-sponsored collectivization that operated in many countries during the 20th century led to the impression that collective farms operate under the supervision of the state,〔 Definition of collective farm in ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Third Edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1992. 〕 but this is not universally true, as shown by the counter-example of the Israeli kibbutzim. == Pre-20th century history == A small group of farming or herding families living together on a jointly-managed piece of land is surely one of the most common living arrangements in all of human history. This has co-existed with, and competed with, more individualistic forms of ownership (as well as state ownership), since the beginnings of agriculture. Private ownership came to predominate in much of the Western world, and is therefore better studied. The process by Western Europe's communal land (and other property) became private is a fundamental question behind views of property: is it the legacy of historical injustices and crimes? Karl Marx believed that what he called primitive communism (joint ownership) was ended by exploitative means he called primitive accumulation. By contrast Libertarian thinkers say that by the homestead principle, whoever is first to work on the land is the rightful owner. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Collective farming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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