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In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,〔Halliday, M.A.K., 'Lexis as a Linguistic Level', Journal of Linguistics 2(1) 1966: 57-67〕 is the expression ''strong tea''. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent *''powerful tea'', this expression is considered incorrect by English speakers. Conversely, the corresponding expression for ''computer'', ''powerful computers'' is preferred over *''strong computers''. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where meaning is derived, whereas collocations are mostly compositional. There are about six main types of collocations: adjective+noun, noun+noun (such as collective nouns), verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb+adverb. Collocation extraction is a task that extracts collocations automatically from a corpus, using computational linguistics. ==Expanded definition== Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions that become established through repeated context-dependent use. Such terms as 'crystal clear', 'middle management', 'nuclear family', and 'cosmetic surgery' are examples of collocated pairs of words. Collocations can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–object: 'make' and 'decision'), lexical relation (such as antonymy), or they can be in no linguistically defined relation. Knowledge of collocations is vital for the competent use of a language: a grammatically correct sentence will stand out as awkward if collocational preferences are violated. This makes collocation an interesting area for language teaching. Corpus Linguists specify a Key Word in Context (KWIC) and identify the words immediately surrounding them. This gives an idea of the way words are used. The processing of collocations involves a number of parameters, the most important of which is the ''measure of association'', which evaluates whether the co-occurrence is purely by chance or statistically significant. Due to the non-random nature of language, most collocations are classed as significant, and the association scores are simply used to rank the results. Commonly used measures of association include mutual information, t scores, and log-likelihood.〔Dunning, Ted (1993): "(Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence )". Computational Linguistics 19, 1 (Mar. 1993), 61-74.〕 Rather than select a single definition, Gledhill〔Gledhill C. (2000): Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen〕 proposes that collocation involves at least three different perspectives: (i) cooccurrence, a statistical view, which sees collocation as the recurrent appearance in a text of a node and its collocates,〔Firth J.R. (1957): Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕〔Sinclair J. (1996): "The Search for Units of Meaning", in Textus, IX, 75–106. 〕〔Smadja F. A & McKeown, K. R. (1990): "(Automatically extracting and representing collocations for language generation )", Proceedings of ACL’90, 252–259, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.〕 (ii) construction, which sees collocation either as a correlation between a lexeme and a lexical-grammatical pattern,〔Hunston S. & Francis G. (2000): Pattern Grammar — A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English, Amsterdam, John Benjamins〕 or as a relation between a base and its collocative partners〔Hausmann F. J. (1989): Le dictionnaire de collocations. In Hausmann F.J., Reichmann O., Wiegand H.E., Zgusta L.(eds), Wörterbücher : ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. Berlin/New-York : De Gruyter. 1010-1019.〕 and (iii) expression, a pragmatic view of collocation as a conventional unit of expression, regardless of form.〔 Moon R. (1998): Fixed Expressions and Idioms, a Corpus-Based Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press.〕〔Frath P. & Gledhill C. (2005): "Free-Range Clusters or Frozen Chunks? Reference as a Defining Criterion for Linguistic Units," in Recherches anglaises et Nord-américaines, vol. 38 :25–43〕 It should be pointed out here that these different perspectives contrast with the usual way of presenting collocation in phraseological studies. Traditionally speaking, collocation is explained in terms of all three perspectives at once, in a continuum: :‘Free Combination’ ↔ ‘Bound Collocation’ ↔ ‘Frozen Idiom’ 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Collocation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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