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In canon law, commendam (or ''in commendam'') was a form of transferring an ecclesiastical benefice ''in trust'' to the ''custody'' of a patron. The phrase ''in commendam'' was originally applied to the provisional occupation of an ecclesiastical benefice, which was temporarily without an actual occupant – in contrast to the conferral of a title, ''in titulum'', which was applied to the regular and unconditional occupation of a benefice.〔(Ott, Michael. "In Commendam." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 25 Jul. 2015〕 The word "commendam" is the accusative singular of the Low Latin noun ''commenda'', "trust", or "custody", which is derived from the verb ''commendare'' ("to entrust").〔 Granting a benefice ''in commendam'' became most common with monasteries, and the commendatory abbot drew a portion of the revenue of the monastery, but without fulfilling the duties of the abbot or even residing at the monastery. ==History== The establishment of eccelsiastical benefices was a way of guaranteeing the financial stability of the Church. Real property and other goods donated to the Church were erected as a stable fund, and the revenue was attached to a particular office. The parish priest, bishop, or other minister would have the right to receive the income of the benefice to support himself and to cover the expenses related to his ministry. There is clear evidence that the granting of a benefice ''in commendam'' was practiced in the fourth century. In a letter Ambrose mentions a church which he gave ''in commendam'', while he was Bishop of Milan: "''Commendo tibi, fili, Ecclesiam quae est ad Forum Cornelii... donec ei ordinetur episcopus''" (Epistle ii) ("I entrust unto thee, my son, the church which is at the Cornelian Forum ... while (bishop is allotted to it )"). Temporarily unoccupied church property (ecclesiastical benefice) could be entrusted to the protection of a member of the church, to safeguard and manage it until order was restored and a new permanent holder of the position was granted ''in titulum''. The patron would receive any revenues generated from the property in the meantime. Each of the early basilicas of Rome was under the guardianship of a patron. The benefice held ''in commendam'' could be used to provide a temporary administrator to a church or monastery that was at risk of financial ruin. It also provided a steady income for whoever was nominated, and St. Gregory the Great (590-604) gave vacant monasteries ''in commendam'' to bishops who had been driven from their sees by the invading barbarians, or whose own churches were too poor to furnish them a decent livelihood.〔Gregory, ''Epistles'' i, 40; ii, 38; iii, 13; vi, 21; in P. L., LXXVII, 493, 577, 614, 812.〕 In the eighth century, the practice became widely abused when kings claimed the right to appoint abbots ''in commendam'' over monasteries, often nominating their own vassals, who were not monks but laymen, as a way of rewarding them. These abbots did not have spiritual care of the monks but did have the right to manage the temporal affairs of the monastery, and some were driven into financial ruin.〔(Ott, Michael. "Commendatory Abbot." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 25 Jul. 2015〕 When in 1122 the Investiture Controversy was settled in favor of the church, the appointment of laymen as abbots ''in commendam'' was abolished.〔 Clergy, however, could still be appointed as commendatory abbots, and the practice was used to provide an income to a professor, student, priest, or cardinal. This cleric would name another man to fulfill the daily responsibilities of the office. The practice was open to abuse: favored cardinals began to receive multiple benefices, accepting them like absentee landlords, increasing their personal possessions to the detriment of the Church. The arrangements were no longer temporary and could be held for a lifetime. Monastic communities, from which these grants were taken, lost revenues and gained nothing in return, suffering from spiritual and temporal mismanagement. In 16th century France, however, the Kings continued to appoint abbots and the nomination of the King’s close relatives to office became commonplace particularly in La Chaise-Dieu.〔("From 1518 to 1640 : The Abbey in Commendam", L'Abbaye de La Chaise-Dieu )〕 Following the Second Vatican Council, the Church drastically reformed and, in most cases, completely abolished the system of benefices. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「In commendam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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