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:''This page discusses a philosophical view on free will. See other uses of the term Compatibility.'' Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are compatible ideas, and that it is possible to believe both without being logically inconsistent.〔(summary of Compatibilism by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy )〕 Compatibilists believe freedom can be present or absent in situations for reasons that have nothing to do with metaphysics. For instance, courts of law make judgments about whether individuals are acting under their own free will under certain circumstances without bringing in metaphysics (actually it is assumed in a court or law that someone could have done otherwise than they did—otherwise no crime has been committed). Similarly, political liberty is a non-metaphysical concept (on the contrary, statements of political liberty, such as the American Bill of Rights, assume moral liberty—the ability to choose to do otherwise than one does). Likewise, compatibilists define free will as freedom to act according to one's determined motives without arbitrary hindrance from other individuals or institutions. == History == Compatibilism was championed by the ancient Stoics〔Ricardo Salles, "Compatibilism: Stoic and modern." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 83.1 (2001): 1-23.〕 and medieval scholasticism, such as that of St. Thomas Aquinas,〔As long as determinism is here understood as the principle that "nothing happens without a cause". Cf. e.g. Summa contra gentiles, the part about Providence, c. 88-91. See also Free will#Free will as a psychological state. In times of the Counter-Reformation views which were close to compatibilism were held openly by at least two Catholic orders: the Jesuits (molinism) and the Dominicans.〕 and by such modern philosophers like David Hume and Thomas Hobbes.〔Michael McKenna: Compatibilism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 2009.〕 Actually the scholastics, including Thomas Aquinas, rejected what would now be called "compatiblism"—they held that humans could do otherwise than they do, otherwise the concept of "sin" is meaningless. As for the Jesuits, their concern was to reconcile the claim of God's foreknowledge of who would be saved with moral agency. They did not deny that humans could choose to do other than we do, and utterly rejected what would now be called "compatibilism" in the philosophical sense. The term itself was coined as late as in the 20th century. Contemporary compatibilists range from the philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett, particularly in his works ''Elbow Room'' (1984) and ''Freedom Evolves'' (2003), to the existentialist philosopher Frithjof Bergmann. Daniel Dennett thus commented the problem of relation between free will and determinism: "Determinism is the friend, not the foe, of those who dislike inevitability." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Compatibilism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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