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Conantokins
Conantokins are a small family of helical peptides that are derived from the venom of predatory marine snails of the genus Conus. Conantokins act as potent and specific antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR).〔Gowd KH, Twede V, Watkins M, Krishnan KS, Teichert RW, Bulaj G, Olivera BM. (August 2008) “Conantokin-P, an unusual conantokin with a long disulfide loop.” Toxicon. 52(2):203-13. PMID 18586049〕 They are the only naturally-derived peptides to do so.〔Mena EE, Gullak MF, Pagnozzi MJ, Richter KE, Rivier J, Cruz LJ, Olivera BM. (October 1990) “Conantokin-G: a novel peptide antagonist to the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor.” Neurosci. Lett. 118, 241-244. PMID 2177176〕 The subtypes of conantokins exhibit a surprising variability of selectivity across the NMDAR subunits, and are therefore uniquely useful in developing subunit-specific pharmacological probes.〔Wei J, Dong M, Xiao C, Jiang F, Castellino FJ, Prorok M, Dai Q. (September 2006) “Conantokins and variants derived from cone snail venom inhibit naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping in morphine-dependent mice.” Neurosci. Lett. 405:137–41. PMID 16859831〕〔Malmberg AB, Gilbert H, McCabe RT, Basbaum AI. (January 2003) “Powerful antinociceptive effects of the cone snail venom-derived subtype-selective NMDA receptor antagonists conantokins G and T”. Pain, 101:109–116. PMID 12507705〕〔Jimenez EC, Donevan S, Walker C, Zhou LM, Nielsen J, Cruz LJ, Armstrong H, White HS, Olivera BM. (September 2002) “Conantokin-L, a new NMDA receptor antagonist: determinants for anticonvulsant potency.” Epilepsy Res. 51:73–80. PMID 12350383〕
The word "conantokin" is derived from the Filipino word ''antokin'', meaning sleepy.〔Haack JA, Rivier J, Parks TN, Mena EE, Cruz LJ, Olivera BM. (April 1990) “Conantokin-T. A gamma-carboxyglutamate containing peptide with N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist activity”. J Biol Chem. 265:6025–6029. PMID 2180939〕
== Subtypes ==
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