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Conducător (literally in Romanian, "Leader") was the title used officially in two instances by Romanian politicians, and earlier by Carol II. ==History== The word is derived from the Romanian verb ''a conduce'', from the Latin ''ducere'' ("to lead"), cognate with such titles as ''dux'', ''duke'', ''duce'' and ''doge''. Its meaning also parallels other titles, such as ''Führer'' in Nazi Germany〔Brady & Kaplan, p.176; Cioroianu, p.416; Jelavich, p.227; Kligman, p.291〕 and ''caudillo'' in Francoist Spain. It was first employed as an additional title by King Carol II during the final years of the National Renaissance Front regime,〔Cioroianu, p.416〕 and soon after employed by Marshal Ion Antonescu as he assumed dictatorial powers after September 14, 1940.〔Brady & Kaplan, p.176; Butnaru, p.70; Chehabi & Linz, p.14; Cioroianu, p.416; Kligman, p.291〕 Nominally, Antonescu was Prime Minister and the role of head of state was filled by King Michael, but all real power rested with Antonescu.〔Butnaru, p.70; Jelavich, p.227〕 According to historian Adrian Cioroianu, through the use of the term, Antonescu meant to highlight connections with Germany, and after the fall of the Iron Guard from shared government (the ''National Legionary State''), his own personal regime.〔 The title was revived during the Communist rule of Romania by President Nicolae Ceaușescu, starting in the period after 1968, at a time when the Romanian Communist Party grew in membership but decreased in importance (in front of Ceaușescu's personality cult).〔Berry, p.14; Brady & Kaplan, p.176; Chehabi & Linz, p.14; Cioroianu, p.414, 416, 422-427; Gallagher, p.61; Kligman, p.291〕 It was used in parallel with the rarer ''cârmaci'' ("helmsman"), in turn borrowed from similar rhetoric in communist states such as North Korea and Maoist China.〔 While references to the Party as the "vanguard of the working class" fell out of use,〔 power became centered on Ceauşescu's prerogative to issue orders to the political apparatus.〔Cioroianu, p.418-421〕 The choice of the term was also meant to highlight a symbolic connection with the Princes of Wallachia and the Princes of Moldavia〔Berry, p.14; Gallagher, p.61〕 (another comparison in use was that between Ceaușescu and the Dacian leaders of Antiquity).〔Gallagher, p.61〕 Additionally, during the same period, Communist sources began depicting Antonescu in a favorable light.〔 Starting from a model applied to the entire Eastern Bloc by Polish political scientist Andrzej Korbonski, differentiating Communist leaderships in types of ''primus inter pares'' (collective leadership) and ''primus'' (personal rule), Cioroianu concluded that Romania's choice for the latter alternative was most likely based on local political tradition.〔Cioroianu, p.422-423〕 In Cioroianu's view, Ceaușescu's system drew its other major source of legitimacy from political clientelism (resulting in what he called "an orbital political system").〔Cioroianu, p.426-432〕 The new political relations, largely based on the ''Conducătors charisma, were likened to various other dictatorial regimes of the 20th century, and included by Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi and Juan José Linz among the various "Sultanistic regimes"– the title itself has drawn comparisons with other ones created by dictatorial leaders for themselves: ''Aryamehr'' (used by Iran's Mohammad Reza Pahlavi), ''Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga'' (in Joseph-Désiré Mobutu's Zaire), the Imperial designation of Central Africa (under Jean-Bédel Bokassa), ''Benefactor de la Patria'' (imposed by Rafael Leónidas Trujillo in the Dominican Republic), and ''Conqueror of the British Empire etc.'' (in Idi Amin's Uganda).〔Chehabi & Linz, p.13-15〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conducător」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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