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Parzival
''Parzival'' is a medieval German romance written by the poet Wolfram von Eschenbach in Middle High German. The poem, commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century, centers on the Arthurian hero Parzival (Percival in English) and his long quest for the Holy Grail following his initial failure to achieve it.
''Parzival'' begins with the knightly adventures of Parzival's father, Gahmuret, his marriage to Herzeloyde (Old-German ''"threnodial heart"''), and the birth of Parzival. The story continues as Parzival meets three elegant knights, decides to seek King Arthur, and continues a spiritual and physical search for the Grail. A long section is devoted to Parzival's friend Gawan and his adventures defending himself from a false murder charge and winning the hand of the maiden Orgeluse. Among the most striking elements of the work are its emphasis on the importance of humility, compassion, sympathy and the quest for spirituality.〔Loomis, Roger Sherman. ''Development of Arthurian Romance'', Hutchsinson and Company, 1963, 70.〕 A major theme in ''Parzival'' is love: heroic acts of chivalry are inspired by true love, which is ultimately fulfilled in marriage.〔Weigand, Hermann J. ''Three Chapters on Courtly Love in Arthurian France and Germany'', University of North Carolina Press, 1956, 33.〕
The romance was the most popular vernacular verse narrative in medieval Germany, and continues to be read and translated into modern languages around the world. Wolfram began a prequel, ''Titurel'', which was later continued by another writer, while two full romances were written adapting Wolfram's story of Loherangrin. Richard Wagner based his famous opera ''Parsifal'', finished in 1882, on ''Parzival''.
==Structure==
''Parzival'' is divided into sixteen books, each composed of several thirty-line stanzas of rhyming couplets. The stanza lengths fit perfectly onto a manuscript page. For the subject matter Wolfram von Eschenbach largely adapted the Grail romance, ''Perceval, the Story of the Grail'', left incomplete by Chrétien de Troyes.〔Chrétien de Troyes. ''The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes''-"The Story of the Grail", ed. David Staines, Indiana University Press, 1990, 340. ISBN 0-253-20787-8〕〔(BBC Gallery, Parzival and the Holy Grail )〕 Wolfram claimed that a certain Kyot the Provençal supplied additional material drawn from Arabic and Angevin sources but most scholars now consider Kyot to be Wolfram's invention and part of the fictional narrative.
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