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Verificationism
Verificationism was a movement in Western philosophy—in particular, analytic philosophy—that emerged in the 1920s by the efforts of a group of philosophers known as the logical positivists, who aimed to formulate criteria to ensure philosophical statements' meaningfulness and to objectively assess their falsity or truth. Initially, logical positivists sought a universal language whereby both ordinary language and physics—thereby all of the empirical sciences—could be represented formally via symbolic logic, whereupon the empirical sciences' basis in observation or experience could be clearly discerned and mimicked by philosophy.
Logical positivists' ''verifiability principle''—that only statements about the world that are empirically verifiable or logically necessary are ''cognitively meaningful''—cast theology, metaphysics, and evaluative judgements, such as ethics and aesthetics, as cognitively meaningless "pseudostatements" that were but emotively meaningful.〔Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, ("Verifiability principle" ), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Website accessed 12 Mar 2014.〕 The verificationist program's fundamental suppositions had varying formulations, which evolved from the 1920s to 1950s into the milder version ''logical empiricism''.〔Whereas logical positivism was launched seeking a theory of ''verification'', logical empiricism sought merely a theory of ''confirmation'', yet ''logical positivism'' is often an umbrella term both for itself in the strict sense and for logical empiricism, too, which both can also be termed ''neopositivism''.〕 Yet all three of verificationism's shared basic suppositions—verifiability criterion, analytic/synthetic distinction, and observation/theory gap〔Wesley C Salmon, ''Four Decades of Scientific Explanation'' (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990 / Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006), (p 123 ): "It is imperative, I believe, to separate the question of the existence of entities not directly observable by means of the unaided human senses from the issue of the meaningfulness of a theoretical vocabulary. Logical empiricists like Carnap and Hempel suggested that the terms of our scientific language can be subdivided into two parts: an observational vocabulary, containing such terms as 'table', dog', 'red', 'larger than', etc, and a theoretical vocabulary containing such terms as 'electron', 'atom', 'molecule', 'gene', 'excited state (of an atom)', etc. The viability of a sharp observational-theoretical distinction was frequently called into question, but that particular problem need not detain us now".〕—were by the 1960s found irreparably untenable, signaling the demise of verificationism and, with it, of the entire movement launched by logical positivism.〔
==Origin==
Although verificationist principles of a general sort—grounding scientific theory in some verifiable experience—are found retrospectively even with the American pragmatist C S Pierce and with the French conventionalist Pierre Duhem〔 who fostered instrumentalism,〔Miran Epstein, ch 2 "Introduction to philosophy of science", in Clive Seale, ed, ''Researching Society and Culture'', 3rd edn (London: Sage Publications, 2012), (pp 18–19 ).〕 the vigorous program termed ''verificationism'' was launched by the logical positivists who, emerging from Berlin Circle and Vienna Circle in the 1920s, sought epistemology whereby philosophy discourse would be meaningful, on par with empirical sciences.
Logical positivists garnered the verifiability criterion of cognitive meaningfulness from young Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language posed in his 1921 book ''Tractatus'',〔 and sought logicist reduction of mathematics to logic led by Bertrand Russell. Seeking grounding in such empiricism as of David Hume,〔Despite Hume's radical empiricism, set forth near 1740, Hume was also committed to common sense, and apparently did not take his own skepticism, such as the problem of induction, as drastically as others later did .〕 Auguste Comte, and Ernst Mach—along with the positivism of the latter two—they borrowed some perspectives from Immanuel Kant, and found the exemplar of science to be Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
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