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The Consulate was the government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term ''The Consulate'' also refers to this period of French history. During this period, フランス語:Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, established himself as the head of a more conservative, authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself head of state. Due to the long-lasting institutions established during these years, Robert B. Holtman has called the Consulate "one of the most important periods of all French history."〔Robert B. Holtman, ''The Napoleonic Revolution'' (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 31.〕 == Fall of the Directory government == French military disasters in 1798 and 1799 had shaken the Directory, and eventually shattered it. Historians sometimes date the start of the political downfall of the Directory to 18 June 1799 (フランス語:30 Prairial Year VII by the French Republican calendar), when フランス語:Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès with the help of フランス語:Paul Barras successfully rid himself of the other then-sitting directors. An irregularity emerged in the election of フランス語:Jean Baptiste Treilhard, who retired in favor of フランス語:Gohier. Within days, フランス語:Philippe-Antoine Merlin (Merlin de Douai) and フランス語:Louis-Marie de La Revellière (La Révellière-Lépeaux) were driven to resign; フランス語:Baron Jean-François-Auguste Moulin and フランス語:Ducos replaced them. The three new directors were generally seen as non-entities. A few more military disasters, royalist insurrections in the south, Chouan disturbances in a dozen departments of the western part of France (mainly in Brittany, Maine and eventually Normandy), ''Orléanist'' intrigues, and the end became certain. In order to soothe the populace and protect the frontier, more than the French Revolution's usual terrorist measures (such as forced taxation or the law of hostages) was necessary. The new Directory government, led by フランス語:Sieyès, decided that the necessary revision of the constitution would require "a head" (his own) and "a sword" (a general to back him). フランス語:Jean Victor Moreau being unattainable as his sword, フランス語:Sieyès favoured フランス語:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert; but, when フランス語:Joubert was killed at the Battle of Novi (15 August 1799), he turned to General フランス語:Napoleon Bonaparte. Although フランス語:Guillaume Marie Anne Brune and フランス語:André Masséna won the Battles of Bergen and of Zürich, and although the Allies of the Second Coalition lingered on the frontier as they had done after the Battle of Valmy, still the fortunes of the Directory were not restored. Success was reserved for フランス語:Bonaparte, suddenly landing at フランス語:Fréjus with the prestige of his victories in the East, and now, after Hoche's death (1797), appearing as sole master of the armies. In the coup of フランス語:18 Brumaire Year VIII (9 November 1799), Napoleon seized French parliamentary and military power in a two-fold フランス語:''coup d'état'', forcing the sitting directors of the government to resign. On the night of the フランス語:19 Brumaire (10 November 1799) a remnant of the Council of Ancients abolished the Constitution of the Year III, ordained the Consulate, and legalised the フランス語:''coup d'état'' in favour of フランス語:Bonaparte with the Constitution of the Year VIII. == The new government == The initial フランス語:18 Brumaire coup seemed to be a victory for フランス語:Sieyès, rather than for フランス語:Bonaparte. フランス語:Sieyès was a proponent of a new system of government for the Republic, and the フランス語:coup initially seemed certain to bring his system into force. フランス語:Bonaparte's cleverness lay in counterposing フランス語:Pierre Claude François Daunou's plan to that of フランス語:Sieyès, and in retaining only those portions of both which could serve his ambition.〔Antoine-Claire Thibaudeau, "Creation of the Consular Government," ''Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents'', ed. Rafe Blaufarb (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008), 54–56.〕 The new government was composed of three parliamentary assemblies: the Council of State which drafted bills, the Tribunate which discussed them without voting them, and the Legislative Assembly which voted them without discussing them. Popular suffrage was retained, though mutilated by the lists of notables (on which the members of the Assemblies were to be chosen by the Conservative Senate). Executive authority was vested in three consuls, who were elected for ten years. フランス語:Napoleon vetoed フランス語:Sieyès' original idea of having a single ''Grand Elector'' as supreme executive and Head of State. フランス語:Sieyès had intended to reserve this important position for himself, and by denying him the job フランス語:Napoleon helped reinforce the authority of the consuls, an office which he would assume. Nor was フランス語:Napoleon content simply to be part of an equal triumvirate. As the years would progress he would move to consolidate his own power as First Consul, and leave the two other consuls, フランス語:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès and フランス語:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, as well as the Assemblies, weak and subservient. By consolidating power, フランス語:Bonaparte was able to transform the aristocratic constitution of フランス語:Sieyès into an unavowed dictatorship. On 7 February 1800, a public referendum confirmed the new constitution. It vested all of the real power in the hands of the First Consul, leaving only a nominal role for the other two consuls. A full 99.9% of voters approved the motion, according to the released results. While this near-unanimity is certainly open to question, フランス語:Napoleon was genuinely popular among many voters, and after a period of strife, many in France were reassured by his dazzling but unsuccessful offers of peace to the victorious Second Coalition, his rapid disarmament of フランス語:La Vendée, and his talk of stability of government, order, justice and moderation. He gave everyone a feeling that France was governed once more by a real statesman, and that a competent government was finally in charge. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「French Consulate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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