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Cornwall ( or ; (コーンウォール語:Kernow), (:ˈkɛɹnɔʊ)) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is a peninsula bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea,〔International Hydrographic Organization〕 to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of and covers an area of . The administrative centre, and only city in Cornwall, is Truro, although the town of St Austell has the largest population. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and a large part of the Cornubian batholith is within Cornwall. This area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was the home of a division of the Dumnonii tribe – whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon – known as the Cornovii, separated from the Brythons of Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the high water mark of the eastern bank of the River Tamar.〔Stenton, F. M. (1947) ''Anglo-Saxon England''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 337〕 From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonée and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories. Historically tin mining was important in the Cornish economy, becoming increasingly significant during the High Middle Ages and expanding greatly during the 19th century when rich copper mines were also in production. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline. Subsequently china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing (particularly of pilchards) and agriculture (notably dairy products and vegetables) were the other important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century; however, Cornwall's economy struggled after the decline of the mining and fishing industries. The area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwall's coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Cornwall is the traditional homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. ==Toponymy== The name ''Cornwall'' derives from the combination of two separate terms from different languages. The ''Corn-'' part comes from the hypothesised original tribal name of the Celtic people who had lived here since the Iron Age, the ''Cornovii''. 〔Eilert Ekwall who studied the place-names of England in the 1930s and 40s gives the following forms: Cornubia in Vita Melori &c.; Middle Welsh Cerniu; Welsh Cernyw; Cornish: Kernow; (on) Cornwalum ASC 891; Cornwealum ASC(E) 997; "The Brit name goes back to *Cornavia probably derived from the tribal name Cornovii. OE Cornwealas means 'the Welsh in Cornwall' this folk-name later became the name of the district",--Ekwall, E., ''The Concise Dictionary of English Place-names'', 2nd ed., 1940, p. 117a〕 The second element ''-wall'' derives from the Old English ''w(e)alh'', meaning a "foreigner" or "Welshman". The name first appears in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' in 891 as ''On Corn walum''. In the Domesday Book it was referred to as ''Cornualia'' and in c. 1198 as ''Cornwal''.〔Wales is derived from the Proto-Germanic word ''Walhaz'', meaning "Romanised foreigner"; through Old English ''welisċ'', ''wælisċ'', ''wilisċ'', meaning "Romano-British"; to Modern English ''Welsh''. The same etymology applies to Cornwall and to Wallonia in Belgium.--〕 A latinisation of the name as ''Cornubia'' first appears in a mid-9th-century deed purporting to be a copy of one dating from c. 705. Another variation, with ''Wales'' reinterpreted as ''Gallia'', thus: ''Cornugallia'', is first attested in 1086. Finally, the Cornish language form of the name, ''Kernow'', which first appears around 1400, derives directly from the original ''Cornowii''.〔 which is postulated from a single mention in the Ravenna Cosmography of around 700 (but based on earlier sources) of ''Purocoronavis''. This is considered to be a corruption of ''Durocornovium'', 'a fort or walled settlement of the Cornovii'.〔Payton (2004), p. 50.〕 Its location is unidentified, but Tintagel or Carn Brea have been suggested.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=The History Files )〕 In pre-Roman times, Cornwall was part of the kingdom of Dumnonia, and was later known to the Anglo-Saxons as "''West'' Wales", to distinguish it from "North Wales" (modern-day Wales). Cornwall is one of only a few places in Britain – London, Edinburgh, and Dover being other examples – to have a corresponding name in the French language: ''Cornouailles'' ((:kɔʁ.nu.ɑj)).〔:fr:Liste des noms français de toponymes britanniques〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cornwall」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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