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Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers.〔〔〔 In common English, they are known as the crow family, or, more technically, corvids. Over 120 species are described. The genus ''Corvus'', including the jackdaws, crows, and ravens, makes up over a third of the entire family. They are considered the most intelligent of the birds, and among the most intelligent of all animals, having demonstrated self-awareness in mirror tests (European magpies) and tool-making ability (crows, rooks)—skills until recently regarded as solely the province of humans and a few other higher mammals. Their total brain-to-body mass ratio is equal to that of great apes and cetaceans, and only slightly lower than in humans.〔Birding in India and South Asia: (Corvidae ). Retrieved 2007-NOV-10〕 They are medium to large in size, with strong feet and bills, rictal bristles, and a single moult each year (most passerines moult twice). Corvids are found worldwide except for the tip of South America and the polar ice caps.〔 The majority of the species are found in tropical South and Central America, southern Asia and Eurasia, with fewer than 10 species each in Africa and Australasia. The genus ''Corvus'' has re-entered Australia in relatively recent geological prehistory, with five species and one subspecies there. ==Systematics, taxonomy, and evolution== Over the years, much disagreement has arisen on the exact evolutionary relationships of the corvid family and their relatives. What eventually seemed clear was that corvids are derived from Australasian ancestors and from there spread throughout the world. Other lineages derived from these ancestors evolved into ecologically diverse, but often Australasian groups. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Sibley and Ahlquist united the corvids with other taxa in the Corvida, based on DNA-DNA hybridization. The presumed corvid relatives included currawongs, birds of paradise, whipbirds, quail-thrushes, whistlers, monarch flycatchers and drongos, shrikes, vireos, and vangas,〔 but current research favors the theory that this grouping is partly artificial. The corvids constitute the core group of the Corvoidea, together with their closest relatives (the birds of paradise, Australian mud-nesters and shrikes). They are also the core group of the Corvida, which includes the related groups, such as orioles and vireos.〔 Clarification of the interrelationships of the corvids has been achieved based on cladistic analysis of several DNA sequences.〔〔 The jays and magpies do not constitute monophyletic lineages, but rather seem to split up into an American and Old World lineage, and an Holarctic and Oriental lineage, respectively. These are not closely related among each other. The position of the azure-winged magpie, which has always been a major enigma, is even less clear than before. FAMILY CORVIDAE *Choughs * *Genus ''Pyrrhocorax'' * * *Alpine chough, ''Pyrrhocorax graculus'' * * *Red-billed chough, ''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax'' *Treepies * *Genus ''Crypsirina'' * * *Hooded treepie, ''Crypsirina cucullata'' * * *Racket-tailed treepie, ''Crypsirina temia'' * *Genus ''Dendrocitta'' * * *Andaman treepie, ''Dendrocitta bayleyi'' * * *Bornean treepie, ''Dendrocitta cinerascens'' * * *Grey treepie, ''Dendrocitta formosae'' * * *Collared treepie, ''Dendrocitta frontalis'' * * *White-bellied treepie, ''Dendrocitta leucogastra'' * * *Sumatran treepie, ''Dendrocitta occipitalis'' * * *Rufous treepie, ''Dendrocitta vagabunda'' * *Genus ''Platysmurus'' * * *Black magpie, ''Platysmurus leucopterus'' * *Genus ''Temnurus'' * * *Ratchet-tailed treepie, ''Temnurus temnurus'' *Oriental magpies * *Genus ''Cissa'' * * *Common green magpie, ''Cissa chinensis'' * * *Indochinese green magpie, ''Cissa hypoleuca'' * * *Javan green magpie, ''Cissa thalassina'' * * *Bornean green magpie, ''Cissa jefferyi'' * *Genus ''Urocissa'' * * *Taiwan blue magpie, ''Urocissa caerulea'' * * *Red-billed blue magpie, ''Urocissa erythrorhyncha'' * * *Yellow-billed blue magpie, ''Urocissa flavirostris'' * * *Sri Lanka blue magpie, ''Urocissa ornata'' * * *White-winged magpie, ''Urocissa whiteheadi'' *Old World jays * *Genus ''Garrulus'' * * *Eurasian jay, ''Garrulus glandarius'' * * *Black-headed jay, ''Garrulus lanceolatus'' * * *Lidth's jay, ''Garrulus lidthi'' * *Genus ''Podoces'' - ground jays * * *Biddulph's ground jay, ''Podoces biddulphi'' * * *Henderson's ground jay, ''Podoces hendersoni'' * * *Pander's ground jay, ''Podoces panderi'' * * *Pleske's ground jay, ''Podoces pleskei'' *Piapiac * *Genus ''Ptilostomus'' * * *Piapiac, ''Ptilostomus afer'' *Stresemann's Bushcrow * *Genus ''Zavattariornis'' * * *Stresemann's bushcrow, ''Zavattariornis stresemanni'' *Nutcrackers * *Genus ''Nucifraga'' * * *Spotted nutcracker, ''Nucifraga caryocatactes'' * * *Large-spotted nutcracker, ''Nucifraga multipunctata'' * * *Clark's nutcracker, ''Nucifraga columbiana'' *Holarctic magpies * *Genus ''Pica'' * * *Black-billed magpie, ''Pica hudsonia'' * * *Yellow-billed magpie, ''Pica nuttalli'' * * *Eurasian magpie, ''Pica pica'' * * * *Korean magpie, ''Pica (pica) sericea'' * *Genus ''Cyanopica'' * * *Azure-winged magpie, ''Cyanopica cyanus'' * * *Iberian magpie, ''Cyanopica cooki'' *True crows (crows, ravens, jackdaws and rooks) * *Genus ''Corvus'' * * *''Australian and Melanesian'' species * * * *Little crow, ''Corvus bennetti'' * * * *Australian raven, ''Corvus coronoides'' * * * *Bismarck crow, ''Corvus insularis'' * * * *Brown-headed crow, ''Corvus fuscicapillus'' * * * *Bougainville crow, ''Corvus meeki'' * * * *Little raven, ''Corvus mellori'' * * * *New Caledonian crow, ''Corvus moneduloides'' * * * *Torresian crow, ''Corvus orru'' * * * *Forest raven, ''Corvus tasmanicus'' * * * * *Relict raven, ''Corvus (tasmanicus) boreus'' * * * *Grey crow, ''Corvus tristis'' * * * *Long-billed crow, ''Corvus validus'' * * * *White-billed crow, ''Corvus woodfordi'' * * *''Pacific island'' species * * * *Alalā (Hawaiian crow), ''Corvus hawaiiensis'' (formerly ''Corvus tropicus'') (extinct in the wild) * * * *Mariana crow, ''Corvus kubaryi'' * * *''Tropical Asian'' species * * * *Daurian jackdaw, ''Corvus dauuricus'' * * * *Slender-billed crow, ''Corvus enca'' * * * *Flores crow, ''Corvus florensis'' * * * *Large-billed crow, ''Corvus macrorhynchos'' * * * * *Jungle crow, ''Corvus (macrorhynchos) levaillantii'' * * * *House crow, ''Corvus splendens'' * * * *Collared crow, ''Corvus torquatus'' * * * *Piping crow, ''Corvus typicus'' * * * *Banggai crow, ''Corvus unicolor'' * * *''Eurasian and North African'' species * * * *Hooded crow, ''Corvus cornix'' * * * * *Mesopotamian crow, ''Corvus (cornix) capellanus'' * * * *Carrion crow (western carrion crow), ''Corvus corone'' * * * * *Eastern carrion crow, ''Corvus (corone) orientalis'' * * * *Rook, ''Corvus frugilegus'' * * * *Western jackdaw, ''Corvus monedula'' * * * *Fan-tailed raven, ''Corvus rhipidurus'' * * * *Brown-necked raven, ''Corvus ruficollis'' * * *''Holarctic'' species * * * *Common raven, ''Corvus corax'' (see also next section) * * * * *Pied raven, ''Corvus corax varius'' morpha ''leucophaeus'' (an extinct color variant) * * *''North and Central American'' species * * * *American crow, ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' * * * *Northwestern crow, ''Corvus caurinus'' * * * *Chihuahuan raven, ''Corvus cryptoleucus'' * * * *Tamaulipas crow, ''Corvus imparatus'' * * * *Jamaican crow, ''Corvus jamaicensis'' * * * *White-necked crow, ''Corvus leucognaphalus'' * * * *Cuban crow, ''Corvus nasicus'' * * * *Fish crow, ''Corvus ossifragus'' * * * *Palm crow, ''Corvus palmarum'' * * * *Sinaloan crow, ''Corvus sinaloae'' * * * *Western raven, ''Corvus (corax) sinuatus'' * * *''Tropical African'' species * * * *White-necked raven, ''Corvus albicollis'' * * * *Pied crow, ''Corvus albus'' * * * *Cape crow, ''Corvus capensis'' * * * *Thick-billed raven, ''Corvus crassirostris'' * * * *Somali crow (dwarf raven), ''Corvus edithae'' *Grey jays * *Genus ''Perisoreus'' * * *Gray jay, ''Perisoreus canadensis'' * * *Siberian jay, ''Perisoreus infaustus'' * * *Sichuan jay, ''Perisoreus internigrans'' *New World jays * *Genus ''Aphelocoma'' - scrub-jays * * *Western scrub jay, ''Aphelocoma californica'' * * *Florida scrub jay, ''Aphelocoma coerulescens'' * * *Island scrub jay, ''Aphelocoma insularis'' * * *Mexican jay, ''Aphelocoma wollweberi'' * * *Transvolcanic jay, ''Aphelocoma ultramarina'' * * *Unicolored jay, ''Aphelocoma unicolor'' * *Genus ''Calocitta'' - magpie-jays * * *Black-throated magpie-jay, ''Calocitta colliei'' * * *White-throated magpie-jay, ''Calocitta formosa'' * *Genus ''Cyanocitta'' * * *Blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata'' * * *Steller's jay, ''Cyanocitta stelleri'' * *Genus ''Cyanocorax'' * * *Black-chested jay, ''Cyanocorax affinis'' * * *Purplish-backed jay, ''Cyanocorax beecheii'' * * *Azure jay, ''Cyanocorax caeruleus'' * * *Cayenne jay, ''Cyanocorax cayanus'' * * *Plush-crested jay, ''Cyanocorax chrysops'' * * *Curl-crested jay, ''Cyanocorax cristatellus'' * * *Purplish jay, ''Cyanocorax cyanomelas'' * * *White-naped jay, ''Cyanocorax cyanopogon'' * * *Tufted jay, ''Cyanocorax dickeyi'' * * *Azure-naped jay, ''Cyanocorax heilprini'' * * *Bushy-crested jay, ''Cyanocorax melanocyaneus'' * * *White-tailed jay, ''Cyanocorax mystacalis'' * * *San Blas jay, ''Cyanocorax sanblasianus'' * * *Violaceous jay, ''Cyanocorax violaceus'' * * *Green jay, ''Cyanocorax ynca'' * * *Yucatan jay, ''Cyanocorax yucatanicus'' * *Genus ''Psilorhinus'' * * *Brown jay, ''Psilorhinus morio'' * *Genus ''Cyanolyca'' * * *Silvery-throated jay, ''Cyanolyca argentigula'' * * *Black-collared jay, ''Cyanolyca armillata'' * * *Azure-hooded jay, ''Cyanolyca cucullata'' * * *White-throated jay, ''Cyanolyca mirabilis'' * * *Dwarf jay, ''Cyanolyca nana'' * * *Beautiful jay, ''Cyanolyca pulchra'' * * *Black-throated jay, ''Cyanolyca pumilo'' * * *Turquoise jay, ''Cyanolyca turcosa'' * * *White-collared jay, ''Cyanolyca viridicyana'' * *Genus ''Gymnorhinus'' * * *Pinyon jay, ''Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus'' The crested jay (''Platylophus galericulatus'') is traditionally included in the Corvidae, but might not be a true member of this family, possibly being closer to the helmetshrikes (Malaconotidae) or shrikes (Laniidae); it is best considered Corvidae ''incertae sedis'' for the time being.〔〔 Likewise, the Hume's ground "jay" (''Pseudopodoces humilis'') is in fact a member of the tit family Paridae.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Corvidae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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