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Corvée is a form of unpaid, unfree labor, which is intermittent in nature and for limited periods of time: typically only a certain number of days' work each year. Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of public works.〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/564272/statute-labour〕 As such it represents a form of levy (taxation). Unlike other forms of levy, such as a tithe, a corvée does not require the population to have land, crops or cash. It was thus favored in historical economies in which barter was more common than cash transactions and/or circulating money is in short supply. The obligation for tenant farmers to perform corvée work for landlords on private landed estates has been widespread throughout history. The term is most typically used in reference to medieval and early modern Europe, where work was often expected by a feudal landowner (of their vassals), or by a monarch of their subjects. However, the application of the term is not limited to that time or place; corvée has existed in modern and ancient Egypt, ancient Rome, China and Japan, everywhere in continental Europe, the Incan civilization, Haiti under Henri Christophe and under American occupation of Haiti (1915–1934), and Portugal's African colonies until the mid-1960s. Forms of statute labour existed until the early twentieth century in the United States and Canada.〔http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1999.tb01359.x/abstract; http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/12/08/time_to_repeal_outdated_law.html; http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90s20_e.htm〕 ==Etymology== The word "corvée" itself has its origins in Rome, and reached the English language via France. In the Late Roman Empire the citizens performed opera publica in lieu of paying taxes; often it consisted of road and bridge work. Roman landlords could also demand a number of days' labour from their tenants, and also from the freedmen; in the latter case the work was called ''opera officiales''. In Medieval Europe, the tasks that serfs or villeins were required to perform on a yearly basis for their lords were called ''opera riga''. Plowing and harvesting were principal activities to which this work was applied. In times of need, the lord could demand additional work called ''opera corrogata'' (Latin ''corrogare'', "to requisition"). This term evolved into ''coroatae'', then ''corveiae'', and finally ''corvée'', and the meaning broadened to encompass both the regular and exceptional tasks. This Medieval agricultural corvée was not entirely unpaid: by custom the workers could expect small payments, often in the form of food and drink consumed on the spot. Corvée sometimes included military conscription, and the term is also occasionally used in a slightly divergent sense to mean forced requisition of military supplies; this most often took the form of ''cartage'', a lord's right to demand wagons for military transport. Because corvée labour for agriculture tended to be demanded by the lord at exactly the same times that the peasants needed to attend to their own plots – e.g. planting and harvest – the corvée was an object of serious resentment. By the 16th century the use in the agricultural setting was on the wane; it became increasingly replaced by money payments for labour. It nevertheless persisted in many areas of Europe until the French Revolution and beyond.〔In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, serfdom, along with heavy forms of corvée were abolished only in 1848. Robert A. Kann, '' A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918'', University of California Press, 1974, pp. 303-304.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Corvée」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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