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Coryloideae
Coryloideae is a subfamily in the woody angiosperm family Betulaceae, commonly known as the birch family, and consists of four extant genera - ''Corylus'' L., ''Ostryopsis'' Decne., ''Carpinus'' L., and ''Ostrya'' Scop. These deciduous trees and shrubs are primarily distributed in the boreal and cool temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, with the majority occurring in Asia, many occurring in North America and a few species occurring as far south as South America.〔 Stults, D. Z. & Axsmith, B. J. 2009. Betulaceae From The Pliocene And Pleistocene Of Southwest Alabama, Southeastern United States. ''Review Of Palaeobotany And Palynology'', 155, 25-31. 〕 Synapomorphies such reduced staminate flowers, advanced wood anatomy features, and the presence of spermidines in pollen define the Coryloideae.〔 Chen, Z. D., Manchester, S. R. & Sun, H. Y. 1999. Phylogeny And Evolution Of The Betulaceae As Inferred From Dna Sequences, Morphology, And Paleobotany. ''American Journal Of Botany'', 86, 1168-1181. 〕
While the division of the extant members of the Betulaceae into six genera is uncontroversial, the placement of these genera into higher taxonomic ranks and the level of these ranks are debated. Extensive studies on the basis of ribulose- 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (''rbc''L) sequences, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, morphology, and various combined data sets support the dichotomy of the Betulaceae into two major clades.〔〔 Bousquet, J., Strauss, S. H. & Li, P. 1992. Complete Congruence Between Morphological And Rbcl-Based Molecular Phylogenies In Birches And Related Species (Betulaceae). ''Molecular Biology And Evolution'', 9, 1076-1088. ISSN 0737-4038 〕〔 Whitcher, I. N. & Wen, J. 2001. Phylogeny And Biogeography Of Corylus (Betulaceae): Inferences From Its Sequences. ''Systematic Botany'', 26, 283-298. ISSN 0363-6445 〕〔 Yoo, K. O. & Wen, J. 2007. Phylogeny Of Carpinus And Subfamily Coryloideae (Betulaceae) Based On Chloroplast And Nuclear Ribosomal Sequence Data. ''Plant Systematics And Evolution'', 267, 25-35. 〕 A few authors have divided the genera into two families, the Betulaceae (''Alnus'', ''Betula'') and Corylaceae (''Carpinus'', ''Ostrya'', ''Corylus'', ''Ostryopsis'').〔 Many modern authors recognize two separate clades within the family, either as tribes Betuleae and Coryleae or subfamilies Betuloideae and Coryloideae. There has also been debate on the further division of the Coryloideae into two tribes: Coryleae (''Corylus'') and Carpineae (''Ostryopsis'', ''Carpinus'', ''Ostrya'').〔〔
==Fossil record==
Based on distribution patterns of fossil and extant representatives (''Corylus'', ''Carpinus'', and ''Ostrya'') across temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the Betulaceae probably originated in the temperate zones of Laurasia during the Cretaceous.〔 The pollen record also suggests that the Betuloideae predate the Coryloideae. ''Alnus'' and ''Betula'' differentiated as early 80 Mya during the Santonian in the Cretaceous.〔 The earliest pollen grains of the Coryloideae, belonging to ''Corylus'', appeared 67 Mya during the Maestrichtian in the Paleocene.〔 ''Carpinus'' and ''Ostrya'' appeared later, 60 Mya and 41 Mya respectively; ''Ostryopsis'' has not yet been confirmed by similar fossil remains.〔
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