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Cosa
Cosa was a Latin ''colonia'' founded under Roman influence in southwestern Tuscany in 273 BC, on land confiscated from the Etruscans.〔Velleius Paterculus 1.14.7; Livy ''Periochae'' 14; Strabo 5.2.8〕 The Etruscan site (called ''Cusi'' or ''Cosia'') may have been where modern Orbetello stands; a fortification wall in polygonal masonry at Orbetello's lagoon may be in phase with the walls of Cosa. The position of Cosa is distinct, rising some 113 metres above sea level and is sited 140 km northwest of Rome on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast, on a hill near the small town of Ansedonia. The town experienced a hard life and was never truly a prosperous Roman city, although it has assumed a position of prominence in Roman archaeology owing to the circumstances of its excavation (cf. Dyson 2005, below). After the foundation, wars of the 3rd century BC affected the town.〔Livy 22.11.6; 27.10.8-9; 32.2.7; 33.24.8-9〕 New colonists arrived in 197 BC.〔Livy 39.55〕 Cosa seems to have prospered until it was sacked in the 60s BC, perhaps by pirates - although an earthquake and unrest related to the Catilinarian Conspiracy have also been cited as reasons. This led to a re-foundation under Augustus and then life continued until the 3rd century. One of the last textual references to Cosa comes from the work of Rutilius Claudius Namatianus in his ''De reditu suo''.〔1.285-90〕 In the passage 1.285-90, Rutilius remarks that by AD 416 the site of Cosa was deserted and could be seen to be in ruins. He further suggests that a plague of mice had driven the people of Cosa away.
==Archaeology==
In the 20th century, Cosa was the site of excavations carried out under the auspices of the American Academy in Rome, initially under the direction of the archaeologist Frank Edward Brown. Excavations (1948–54, 1965–72) have traced the city plan, the principal buildings, the port, and have uncovered the Arx, the forum, and a number of houses. Unexcavated buildings include a bathing establishment, but no trace of a theatre or an amphitheatre has been found. In the 1990s a series of excavations was carried out under the direction of Elizabeth Fentress, then associated with the American Academy in Rome. This latter campaign aimed at understanding the history of the site between the imperial period and the Middle Ages. Sample excavations took place over the whole site, with larger excavations on the Arx, the Eastern Height and around the Forum.
Fieldwork resumed in 2013 under the auspices of Florida State University.〔FSU Cosa Excavations http://www.cosaexcavations.org/〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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