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Counter-flow (also referred as contra-flow) is the movement of cultures from one place to another brought by mobile subjects (migrants) that can have a positive or negative impact or effect on society. It is no longer from “the west to the rest,” but a two way movement. Counter-flows can be seen through the media such as telenovelas (soap operas) and through gangs such as the Mara Salvatrucha or MS-13 from El Salvador. Daya Kishan Thussu defines contra-flow as: :“the semantic and imaginative referents for the institutional, cultural and political matrix of a world framed by processes of global cultural power and local negotiation: a world experienced through the identity politics of nations, individuals and cultures and negotiated through contestations of locality, nationality and global citizenship.” 〔Thussu, Daya Kishan. "Media on the Move: Global flow and contra-flow". Routledge, 2007, p. 49〕 ==History== Unlike transculturation, counter-flows (or contra-flow) is not the mixing or meshing of two cultures. Rather, contra-flow(s) is about the movement of cultures, like a two-way traffic lane, where individuals are said to live “between cultures.”.〔Thussu, Daya Kishan. "Media on the Move: Global flow and contra-flow". Routledge, 2007, p. 1.〕 The term contra-flow originated from the preceding peripheries of global media industries, designated ‘sub-altern flows.’ 〔Thussu, Daya Kishan. "Media on the Move: Global flow and contra-flow". Routledge, 2007, p. 5.〕 More importantly, contra- flow(s) emerged because of the global mass media reversing the dominant Western, First World direction, in other words it is no longer from “the West to the rest,” 〔Thussu, Daya Kishan. "Media on the Move: Global flow and contra-flow". Routledge, 2007, p. 50.〕 It can also be said that counter-flows originated because of colonization and later on because of Diaspora. Colonization brought a new language and religious beliefs to the Americas. In the one hand a new way of living was taken in by the indigenous people, but on the other, they retained part of their language that is still used today such as the words maiz and aguacate, among other. Additionally, just like the indigenous people, colonizers acquired something from the colonized; they brought back with them goods from the Americans such as potatoes and corn. Through colonization, we can see counter- flows being born and take action because of the consumption, fluidity, and flexibility of culture in both directions, from the colonizer to the colonized and vice versa. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Counter-flows」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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