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Crannog
A crannog (; (アイルランド語:crannóg) (:ˈkɾˠan̪ˠoːɡ); (スコットランド・ゲール語:crannag) (:ˈkʰɾan̪ˠak)) is typically a partially or entirely artificial island, usually built in lakes, rivers and estuarine waters of Scotland and Ireland. Unlike the prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps that were built on the shores and were inundated only later on, crannogs were built in the water, thus forming artificial islands.
Crannogs were used as dwellings over five millennia, from the European Neolithic Period to as late as the 17th/early 18th century,〔 although in Scotland there is currently no convincing evidence in the archaeological record of Early and Middle Bronze Age or Norse Period use. The earliest radiocarbon determinations obtained from key sites such as Oakbank in Loch Tay and Redcastle, Beauly Firth approach the Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age transition at their widest interpretation at 2 standard deviations or a 95.4% confidence level: they fall ''after'' around 800 BC and so could be considered Late Bronze Age by only the narrowest of margins.〔〔 Crannogs have been variously interpreted as free-standing wooden structures, as at Loch Tay,〔 although more commonly they exist as brush, stone or timber mounds that can be revetted with timber piles. However, in areas such as the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, timber was unavailable from the Neolithic era onwards. As a result, completely stone crannogs supporting drystone architecture are common there. Today, crannogs typically appear as small, circular islets, often in diameter, covered in dense vegetation due to their inaccessibility to grazing livestock.
==Etymology and uncertain meanings==
The Irish word derives from Old Irish , that referred to a wooden structure or vessel, stemming from ''crann'', which means "tree", plus a diminutive ending—literally "young tree". The modern sense of the term first appears sometime around the 12th century; its popularity spread in the medieval period along with the terms ''isle'', ''ylle'', ''inis'', ''eilean'', ''oileán''.〔 There is some confusion on what the term ''crannog'' originally referred to, the structure atop the island or the island itself.〔 The additional meanings of 'crannog' can be variously related as "structure/piece of wood; wooden pin; crow's nest; pulpit; driver's box on a coach and vessel/box/chest" for crannóg. The Scottish Gaelic form is and has the additional meanings of "pulpit" and "churn". Thus there is no real consensus on what the term ''crannog'' actually implies, although the modern adoption in the English language broadly refers to a partially or completely artificial islet that saw use from the prehistoric to the Post-Medieval period in Ireland and Scotland.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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