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''Crepidula'', common name the "slipper limpets" or "slipper shells", is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (''Crepidula''), hat snails (''Calyptraea''), spiny slipper snails (''Bostrycapulus''), and cup-and-saucer snails (''Crucibulum'') as well as ''Crepipatella'', ''Siphopatella'', ''Grandicrepidula'', and ''Maoricrypta''.〔Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Crepidula Lamarck, 1799. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137722 on 2011-05-21〕 These recent changes in the definition of ''Crepidula'' are based on both DNA sequence data as well as anatomical work. Dissections of various calyptraeids show that species that are now placed in ''Grandicrepidula'' and ''Maoricrypta'' are anatomically very different from the true ''Crepidula''. If only the shells are examined this difference is not apparent. This distinction is supported by DNA sequence data from 3 genes (COI, 16S and 28S).〔Collin, Rachel. 2003. The Utility of Morphological Characters in Gastropod Phylogenetics: An Example From the Calyptraeidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4: 541–593〕 The genus ''Crepidula'' is probably the best studied group within the calyptraeids. A variety of species are commonly used in developmental, ecological, and behavioral research.〔Henry, Jonathan J.; Collin, Rachel; Perry, Kimberly J.. 2010. The Slipper Snail, Crepidula: An emerging Lophotrochozoan model system. Biological Bulletin, 218(3): 211-229.〕 They have been the major focus of research on protandrous sex-change in marine invertebrates and have been used to demonstrate that sex change is environmentally mediated (the timing of sex change depends on association with other individual snails).〔Mérot, Claire; Collin, Rachel. 2012. Effects of food availability on sex change in two species of Crepidula (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae). Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 449: 173-181.〕〔Collin, Rachel; McLellan, Michelle; Gruber, Karl F.; Bailey-Jourdain, Catherine. 2005. Effects of Conspecific Associations on Size at Sex Change in Three Species of Calyptraeid Gastropods. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1: 89-97.〕〔Collin, Rachel. 1995. Sex, size, and position: a test of models predicting size at sex change in the protandrous gastropod crepidula fornicata. The American Naturalist, 146(6): 815-831.〕 ''Crepidula fornicata'' and ''Crepidula onyx'' are well-studied examples of invasive, exotic species in marine habitats.〔Coe, Wesley R. 1948. Nutrition and sexuality in protandric gastropods of the genus ''Crepidula''. Biol. Bul. 94(3): 158-160.〕〔Hendler, G. and D. R. Franz. 1971. Population dynamics and life history of ''Crepidula convexa'' Say (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in Delaware Bay. Biol. Bul. 141: 514-526.〕 Due to their simple shells and plastic morphology, calyptraeid taxonomy is challenging. In many cases distinct species with similar-looking shells have been lumped into a single species with either global or unusual distributions. In these cases close examination of the mode of development or of DNA data is vital to verify the species identity. Because such taxonomic lumping is difficult to clear from the internet or from the literature many species range estimates available on the internet include dubious data or data from species that have been taken out of synonymy. == Species == Species within the genus ''Crepidula'' include:〔() ''Crepidula'' at ITIS〕〔Ross, Landon T. (1965). "The genus ''Crepidula'' in North America: its taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution. unpublished Florida State Univ. thesis". Retrieved on May 2009.()〕〔() ''Crepidula'' at Discover Life〕 * ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Crepidula aeola'' Dall, 1927〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula aeola'' Dall, 1927. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532681 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula aplysioides'' Reeve, 1859〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula aplysioides'' Reeve, 1859. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532682 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula arenata'' Broderip, 1834 * ''Crepidula argentina'' Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula argentina'' Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532683 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula atrasolea'' Collin, 2000〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula atrasolea'' Collin, 2000. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419702 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula badisparsa'' Collin, 2005〔Collin R. (2005). "''Crepidula badisparsa'' sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) from Bocas del Toro Province, Panama". ''Caribbean Journal of Science'' 41(2): 269-276. (PDF ).〕 * ''Crepidula cachimilla'' Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula cachimilla'' Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=388656 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula carioca'' Simone, 2006〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula carioca'' Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389784 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula cerithicola'' (C.B.Adams, 1852) * ''Crepidula complanata'' Krauss, 1848 * ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160228 on 2011-01-11〕 - synonym: ''Crepidula glauca'' * ''Crepidula coquimbensis'' Brown & Olivares, 1996〔Bouchet, P. (2010). ''Crepidula coquimbensis'' Brown & Olivares, 1996. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=510048 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula cymbaeformis'' Conrad, 1844〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula cymbaeformis'' Conrad, 1844. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532684 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula depressa'' Say, 1822〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula depressa'' Say, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419703 on 2011-01-11〕 * ''Crepidula derjugini'' Golikov & Kussakin, 1962 * "Crepidula excavata" Broderip, 1834 * "Crepidula fimbriata" - Reeve, 1859〔 * ''Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758)〔Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138963 on 2011-01-11〕 - Common slipper shell, common Atlantic slippersnail, boat shell, quarterdeck shell. * ''Crepidula glottidiarum'' Dall, 1905 * ''Crepidula incurva'' (Broderip, 1834) * ''Crepidula intratesta'' Simone, 2006〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula intratesta'' Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389785 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula lessonii'' (Broderip, 1834) * ''Crepidula maculosa'' Conrad, 1846〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula maculosa'' Conrad, 1846. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419704 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula margarita'' Simone, 2006〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula margarita'' Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389786 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula marginalis'' Broderip, 1834 * ''Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829〔Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180993 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula naticarum'' Williamson, 1905 * ''Crepidula navicella'' (Lesson, 1831) * ''Crepidula navicula'' (Mörch, 1877)〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula navicula'' (Mörch, 1877). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532685 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula nivea'' C.B. Adams, 1852 * ''Crepidula norrisiarum'' Williamson, 1905 * ''Crepidula nummaria'' Gould, 1846 * ''Crepidula onyx'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula onyx'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=397063 on 2011-01-12〕 - onyx slippersnail * ''Crepidula perforans'' Valenciennes, 1846 * "Crepidula philippiana" Gallardo, 1977 * ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160230 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula porcellana'' (Linnaeus, 1758)〔Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula porcellana'' (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138965 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula protea'' (d'Orbigny, 1841)〔Rosenberg, G. (2010). ''Crepidula protea'' (d'Orbigny, 1841). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=532686 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula pyguaia'' Simone, 2006〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula pyguaia'' Simone, 2006. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389787 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula rostrata'' C. B. Adams, 1852 * ''Crepidula striolata'' Menke, 1851 * ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822〔Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138966 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula ustulatulina'' Collin, 2002〔WoRMS (2010). ''Crepidula ustulatulina'' Collin, 2002. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=387736 on 2011-01-12〕 * ''Crepidula williamsi'' Coe, 1947 ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791) sensu Zenetos et al.2004: synonym of ''Bostrycapulus odites'' Collin, 2005 * ''Crepidula acuta'' H. C. Lea, 1842: synonym of ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822 * ''Crepidula adspersa'' Dunker, 1846: synonym of ''Crepidula porcellana'' Lamarck, 1801 * ''Crepidula bilobata'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Crepidula lingulata'' Gould, 1846: synonym of ''Crepipatella lingulata'' (Gould, 1846) * ''Crepidula calceolina'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula californica'' Tryon, 1886: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Crepidula calyptraeiformis'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Bostrycapulus calyptraeiformis'' (Deshayes, 1830) * ''Crepidula candida'' Risso, 1826: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula capensis'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1835: synonym of ''Crepipatella capensis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) * ''Crepidula cataldi'' Parenzan, 1970: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula coei'' Berry, 1950: synonym of ''Crepidula naticarum'' Williamson, 1905 * ''Crepidula contorta'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Maoricrypta monoxyla'' (Lesson, 1830) * ''Crepidula costata'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824: synonym of ''Maoricrypta costata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824) * ''Crepidula costata'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Maoricrypta costata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824) * ''Crepidula costulata'' Dunker, 1852: synonym of ''Crepidula incurva'' (Broderip, 1834) * ''Crepidula crepidula'' (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula depressa'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Crepidula dilatata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula deshayesii'' de Folin, 1867: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula desmoulinsi'' Locard, 1886: synonym of ''Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829 * ''Crepidula dilatata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula dorsata'' (Broderip, 1834): synonym of ''Crepipatella dorsata'' (Broderip, 1834) * ''Crepidula excisa'' Philippi, 1849: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859) * ''Crepidula explanata'' Gould, 1853: synonym of ''Crepidula perforans'' (Valenciennes, 1846) * ''Crepidula exuviata'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Crepidula perforans'' (Valenciennes, 1846) * ''Crepidula fasciata'' de Roissy, 1805: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula fecunda'' Gallardo, 1979: synonym of ''Crepipatella peruviana'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula fissurata'' G. B. Sowerby II, 1883: synonym of ''Crepipatella lingulata'' (Gould, 1846) * ''Crepidula foliacea'' Broderip, 1834: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Crepidula gibbosa'' Defrance, 1818:〔Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula gibbosa'' Defrance, 1818. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138964 on 2011-01-12〕 synonym of ''Crepidula moulinsii'' Michaud, 1829 * ''Crepidula glauca'' Say, 1822: synonym of ''Crepidula convexa'' Say, 1822 * ''Crepidula grandis'' Middendorff, 1849: synonym of ''Grandicrepidula grandis'' (Middendorff, 1849) * ''Crepidula gravispinosa'' Kuroda & Habe, 1950: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Crepidula hochstetteriana'' Wilkens, 1922 : synonym of † ''Maoricrypta radiata'' (Hutton, 1873) * ''Crepidula immersa'' Angas, 1865: synonym of ''Maoricrypta immersa'' (Angas, 1865) * ''Crepidula incurva'' Zittel, 1864: synonym of † ''Crepidula wilckensi'' Finlay, 1924 : synonym of Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873) † * ''Crepidula italica'' Defrance, 1818: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula lamina'' H. C. Lea, 1843: synonym of ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822 * ''Crepidula lingulata'' Gould, 1846: synonym of ''Crepipatella lingulata'' (Gould, 1846) * ''Crepidula lirata'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Crepidula incurva'' (Broderip, 1834) * ''Crepidula maculata'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym for ''Sigapatella novaezelandiae''. * ''Crepidula minuta'' Middendorff, 1849: synonym of ''Crepidula nummaria'' Gould, 1846 * ''Crepidula monoxyla'' (Lesson, 1831): synonym of ''Maoricrypta monoxyla'' (Lesson, 1830) * ''Crepidula nautiloides'' Lesson, 1832: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula navicelloides'' Carpenter, 1864: synonym of ''Crepidula nummaria'' Gould, 1846 * ''Crepidula nebulata'' Mabille, 1895: synonym of ''Crepidula nivea'' C. B. Adams, 1852 * ''Crepidula orbella'' Yokoyama, 1920: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859) * ''Crepidula orbiculata'' Dall, 1919: synonym of ''Crepipatella orbiculata'' (Dall, 1919) * ''Crepidula osculans'' C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of ''Phenacolepas osculans'' (C. B. Adams, 1852) * ''Crepidula pallida'' (Broderip, 1834): synonym of ''Calyptraea pallida'' Broderip, 1834 * ''Crepidula patagonica'' d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of ''Crepipatella patagonica'' (d'Orbigny, 1841) * ''Crepidula patula'' Deshayes, 1830: synonym of ''Crepipatella peruviana'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula peruviana'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella peruviana'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula plana'' (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850): synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859) * ''Crepidula pulchella'' Aradas, 1846: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula rhyssema'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of ''Crepidula plana'' Say, 1822 * ''Crepidula riisei'' Dunker, 1852: synonym of ''Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Crepidula rostriformis'' Gould, 1846: synonym of ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Crepidula rugosa'' Carpenter, 1856: synonym of ''Crepidula onyx'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 * ''Crepidula rugulosa'' Dunker, 1846: synonym of ''Crepipatella capensis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) * ''Crepidula sandaliformis'' de Serres, 1830: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula sandalina'' Deshayes, 1833: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula scabies'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859) * ''Crepidula sinuosa'' Turton, 1825: synonym of ''Crepidula unguiformis'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Crepidula solida'' Hinds, 1844: synonym of ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Crepidula squama'' (Broderip, 1834): synonym of ''Crepidula striolata'' Menke, 1851 * ''Crepidula strigellata'' Dunker, 1853: synonym of ''Crepidula striolata'' Menke, 1851 * ''Crepidula sulin'' Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of ''Crepidula porcellana'' Lamarck, 1801 * ''Crepidula tomentosa'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Bostrycapulus aculeatus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Crepidula uncata'' Menke, 1847: synonym of ''Crepidula adunca'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Crepidula uncinata'' Philippi, 1887: synonym of ''Crepidula dilatata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Crepipatella dilatata'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Crepidula virginica'' Conrad, 1871: synonym of ''Crepidula fornicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Crepidula walshi'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of ''Ergaea walshi'' (Reeve, 1859) * † ''Crepidula wilckensi'' Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873) * ''Crepidula youngi'' (Powell, 1940): synonym of ''Maoricrypta youngi'' Powell, 1940 Species that were previously placed in the genus Crepidula but have subsequently been removed from the genus on the basis of work by Bruce Marshall of the Te Papa Museum and Rachel Collin of the Smithsonian Institution include the following: Now ''Maoricrypta'': * ''Crepidula costata'' is a synonym for ''Maoricrypta costata'' - ribbed slipper shell * ''Crepidula youngi'' (Powell, 1940) * ''Crepidula wilckensi'' Finlay, 1924 * ''Crepidula immersa'' G. F. Angas, 1867 Now ''Grandicrepidula'': * ''Crepidula grandis'' Middendorff, 1849:〔Gofas, S. (2010). ''Crepidula grandis'' Middendorff, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=254469 on 2011-01-12〕 synonym of ''Grandicrepidula grandis'' (Middendorff, 1849) *''Grandicrepidula collinae'' Marshall Now ''Siphopatella'': * ''Crepidula walshi'' L. A. Reeve, 1859 Synonyms: *'' Crepidula maculata'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of ''Crepidula aculeata'' (Gmelin, 1791) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crepidula」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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