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In music, dynamics are instructions in musical notation to the performer about hearing the loudness of a note or phrase. More generally, dynamics may also include other aspects of the execution of a given piece. ==Relative loudness== The two basic dynamic indications in music are: *''p'' or ''piano'', meaning "soft".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary )〕 *''f'' or ''forte'', meaning "loud".〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary )〕 More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by: *''mp'', standing for ''mezzo-piano'', meaning "moderately soft". *''mf'', standing for ''mezzo-forte'', meaning "moderately loud".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary )〕 Beyond ''f'' and ''p'', there are also *''pp'', standing for "pianissimo" and meaning "very soft". *''ff'', standing for "fortissimo" and meaning "very loud". *''ppp'', standing for "pianississimo" and meaning "very very soft". *''fff'', standing for "fortississimo" and meaning "very very loud".〔 And so on. Some pieces contain dynamic designations with more than three ''f'' Igor Stravinsky used ''ffff'' at the end of the finale of the ''Firebird Suite''. ''ffff'' is also found in a prelude by Rachmaninoff, op.3-2. Shostakovich even went as loud as ''fffff'' in his fourth symphony. Gustav Mahler, in the third movement of his Seventh Symphony, gives the celli and basses a marking of ''fffff'', along with a footnote directing 'pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood.' On another extreme, Carl Nielsen, in the second movement of his Symphony No. 5, marked a passage for woodwinds a diminuendo to ''ppppp''. Another more extreme dynamic is in György Ligeti's Études No. 13 (''Devil's Staircase''), which has at one point a ''ffffff'' and progresses to a ''ffffffff''. In Ligeti's Études No. 9, he uses ''pppppppp''. In the baritone passage ''Era la notte'' from his opera ''Otello'', Verdi uses ''pppp''. Steane (1971) and others suggest that such markings are in reality a strong reminder to less than subtle singers to at least sing softly rather than an instruction to the singer actually to attempt a ''pppp''. Dynamic indications of this kind are relative, not absolute. ''mp'' does not indicate an exact level of volume, it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be a little louder than ''p'' and a little quieter than ''mf''. Interpretations of dynamic levels are left mostly to the performer; in the Barber Piano Nocturne, a phrase beginning ''pp'' is followed by a diminuendo leading to a ''mp'' marking. Another instance of performer's discretion in this piece occurs when the left hand is shown to crescendo to a ''f'', and then immediately after marked ''p'' while the right hand plays the melody ''f''. It has been speculated that this is used simply to remind the performer to keep the melody louder than the harmonic line in the left hand. In some music notation programs, there are default MIDI key velocity values associated with these indications, but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed. Apple's Logic Pro 9 uses the following values: ppp (16), pp (32), p (48), mp (64), mf (80), f (96), ff (112), fff (127).〔(Apple Logic Pro 9 User Manual for MIDI Step Input Recording ). Retrieved 2013-07-29.〕 ===Sudden changes and accented notes=== Sudden changes in dynamics may be notated by adding the word ''subito'' (Italian for ''suddenly'') as a prefix or suffix to the new dynamic notation. Accented notes (notes to emphasize or play louder compared to surrounding notes) can be notated ''sforzando'', ''sforzato'', ''forzando'' or ''forzato'' (abbreviated ''sfz'', ''sf'', or ''fz'') ("forcing" or "forced"). Accents can also be notated using the sign >, placed above or below the head of the note. The > sign indicates an accent only, and is neither related to nor derived from the sign for ''diminuendo'', even though the signs are of a roughly similar shape. ''Sforzando'' (or ''sforzato'' or ''forzando'' or ''forzato''), indicates a forceful accent and is abbreviated as ''sf'', ''sfz'' or ''fz''. There is often confusion surrounding these markings and whether or not there is any difference in the degree of accent. However all of these indicate the same expression, depending on the dynamic level, and the extent of the Sforzando is determined purely by the performer. The fortepiano notation ''fp'' indicates a ''forte'' followed immediately by ''piano''. ''Sforzando piano'' (''sfzp'' or ''sfp'') indicates a ''sforzando'' followed immediately by ''piano''; in general, any two dynamic markings may be treated similarly. ''Rinforzando'', ''rfz'' or ''rf'' (literally "reinforcing") indicates that several notes, or a short phrase, are to be emphasized. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dynamics (music)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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