|
The Crimean Peninsula (, (ウクライナ語:Кри́мський піво́стрів), ), also known simply as Crimea (, (ウクライナ語:Крим), ), is a major land mass on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by water. The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson and west of the Russian region of Kuban. It is surrounded by two seas: the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. It is connected to Kherson Oblast by the Isthmus of Perekop and is separated from Kuban by the Strait of Kerch. The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast; a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov. Crimea—or the Tauric Peninsula, as it was called from antiquity until the early modern period—has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Its southern fringe was colonised by the ancient Greeks, the ancient Persians, the ancient Romans, the Byzantine Empire, the Crimean Goths, the Genoese and the Ottoman Empire, while at the same time its interior was occupied by a changing cast of invading steppe nomads, such as the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Goths, Alans, Bulgars, Huns, Khazars, Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde. Crimea and adjacent territories were united in the Crimean Khanate during the 15th to 18th century before falling to the Russian Empire and being included into the Russian Taurida Governorate in 1802. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Crimea became a republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the USSR. In World War Two it was downgraded to the Crimean Oblast, and in 1954, the Crimean Oblast was transferred to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It became the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine in 1991, with Sevastopol having its own administration, within Ukraine but outside of the Autonomous Republic. Sovereignty and control of the peninsula became the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine, when Russia annexed Crimea in 2014. ==Name== The classical name ''Tauris'' or ''Taurica'' is from the Greek Ταυρική, after the peninsula's Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. Strabo and Ptolemy refer to the Strait of Kerch as the ''Bosporus Cimmerius'', and to ''Cimmerium'' as the capital of the Taurida, whence the peninsula, or its easternmost part, was also named ''Promontorium Cimmerium'' (Κιμμέριον ἄκρον).〔Claudii Ptolemaei. ''Geographia''. Vol. II, Book V. Chapter 9, sec. 5.〕 In English usage since the early modern period the Crimean Khanate is referred to as ''Crim Tartary''.〔Edward Gibbon, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Volume 1, (306f. ) "the peninsula of Crim Tartary, known to the ancients under the name of Chersonesus Taurica"; ibid. Volume 10 (1788), p. 211: "The modern reader must not confound this old Cherson of the Tauric or Crimean peninsula with a new city of the same name". see also John Millhouse, ''English-Italian'' (1859), (p. 597 )〕 The Italian〔''la Crimea'' since at least the 17th century. Maiolino Bisaccioni, Giacomo Pecini, ''Historia delle guerre ciuili di questi vltimi tempi, cioe, d'Inghilterra, Catalogna, Portogallo, Palermo, Napoli, Fermo, Moldauia, Polonia, Suizzeri, Francia, Turco''. per Francesco Storti. Alla Fortezza, sotto il portico de'Berettari, 1655, (p. 349 ): "dalla fortuna de Cosacchi dipendeva la sicurazza della Crimea". Nicolò Beregani, ''Historia delle guerre d'Europa'', Volume 2 (1683), (p. 251 ).〕 form ''Crimea'' (and "Crimean peninsula") also becomes current during the 18th century, gradually replacing the classical name of Tauric peninsula in the course of the 19th century. The omission of the definite article in English ("Crimea" rather than "the Crimea") becomes common during the later 20th century. The name "Crimea" ultimately, via Italian, and penultimately from the name of ''Qırım'' (today's ''Stary Krym'')〔William Smith, ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'' (1854), s.v. ''Taurica Chersonesus''. vol. ii, p. 1109.〕 which served as a capital of the Crimean province of the Golden Horde. The name of the capital was extended to the entire peninsula at some point during Ottoman suzerainty.〔W. Radloff, ''Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte'' (1888), ii. 745〕 The origin of the Crimean Tatar name ''Qırım'' designating "fortress" or "fosse" itself is uncertain. It is mostly explained as: # a corruption of ''Cimmerium'' (Greek, ''Kimmerikon'', Κιμμερικόν).〔 〕〔.〕 # a derivation from the Turkic term ''qurum'' ("defence, protection"), from ''qurimaq'' ("to fence, protect").〔〔George Vernadsky, Michael Karpovich, ''(A History of Russia )'', Yale University Press, 1952, (p. 53 ). Quote: *"''The name Crimea is to be derived from the Turkish word qirim (hence the Russian ''krym''), which means "fosse" and refers more specifically to the Perekop Isthmus, the old Russian word perekop being an exact translation of the Turkish qirim.''"〕 # a derivation from the Greek ''Cremnoi'' (Κρημνοί, in post-classical Koiné Greek pronunciation, ''Crimni'', i.e., "the Cliffs", a port on Lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) cited by Herodotus in ''The Histories'' 4.20.1 and 4.110.2), however this port is indicated by Herodotus as being on the west coast of the Sea of Azov.〔A. D. (Alfred Denis) Godley. ''Herodotus.'' Cambridge. Harvard University Press. vol. 2, 1921, p. 221.〕 # a derivation from the Mongolian appellation ''kerm'' designating "wall", which, however, is phonetically incompatible with the original Mongolian literal appellation of the Crimean peninsula ''Qaram''.〔Edward Allworth, ''(The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents )'', Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 5-7.〕〔(Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures ), BRILL, 2011, p.753, n. 102〕 The classical name was revived in 1802 in the name of the Russian Taurida Governorate.〔Edith Hall, ''Adventures with Iphigenia in Tauris'' (2013), (p. 176 ): "it was indeed at some point between the 1730s and the 1770s that the dream of recreating ancient 'Taurida' in the southern Crimea was conceived. Catherine's plan was to create a paradisiacal imperial 'garden' there, and her Greek archbishop Eugenios Voulgaris obliged by inventing a new etymology for the old name of Tauris, deriving it from ''taphros'', which (he claimed) was the ancient Greek for a ditch dug by human hands."〕 While it was abandoned in the Soviet Union, and has had no official status since 1921, it is still used by some institutions in Crimea, such as the Taurida National University, or the Tavriya Simferopol football club. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crimea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|