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A cross-licensing agreement is a contract between two or more parties where each party grants rights to their intellectual property to the other parties. ==Patent law== In patent law, a cross-licensing agreement is an agreement according to which two or more parties grant a license to each other for the exploitation of the subject-matter claimed in one or more of the patents each owns.〔(Shapiro, Carl, “Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting” Innovation Policy and the Economy, MIT Press2001, p119 et seq. )〕 Usually, this type of agreement happens between two parties in order to avoid litigation or to settle an infringement dispute.〔(Statement of Jeffery Fromm, Hewlett-Packard Company, "Patent Pools and Cross Licensing", 2002, p8 )〕 Very often, the patents that each party owns covers different essential aspects of a given commercial product. Thus by cross licensing, each party maintains their freedom to bring the commercial product to market. The term "cross licensing" implies that neither party pays monetary royalties to the other party, although this may be the case. For example, Microsoft and JVC entered into a cross license agreement in January 2008.〔(Ed Oswald, “Microsoft, JVC agree to cross-license patents” BetaNews January 16, 2008, 2:29 PM )〕 Each party, therefore, is able to practice the inventions covered by the patents included in the agreement.〔The agreement does not necessarily include all of the patents that each owns〕 This benefits competition by allowing each more freedom to design products covered by the other's patents without provoking a patent infringement lawsuit. Parties that enter into cross-licensing agreements must be careful not to violate antitrust laws and regulations. This can easily become a complex issue, involving (as far as the European Union is concerned) Art. 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), previously Art. 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, (abuse of dominant position, etc.) as well as licensing directives, cartels, etc. Some companies file patent applications primarily to be able to cross license the resulting patents, as opposed to trying to stop a competitor from bringing a product to market.〔http://www.idea.piercelaw.edu/articles/40/40_3/13.Sankaran.pdf | Patent Flooding〕 In the early 1990s, for example, Taiwanese original design manufacturers, such as Hon Hai, rapidly increased their patent filings after their US competitors brought patent infringement lawsuits against them.〔(Mark Nowotarski, “Introducing Patents into a Major Service Industry” les Nouvelles, March 2003 )〕 They used the patents to cross license. One of the limitations of cross licensing is that it is ineffective against patent holding companies. The primary business of a patent holding company is to license patents in exchange for a monetary royalty. Thus, they have no need for rights to practice other companies' patents. These companies are often referred to pejoratively as patent trolls. The economics literature has shown that firms with high capital intensities are more likely to strike a cross-licensing deal.〔 Galasso, A. (2012), Broad Cross-License Negotiations, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Volume 21, Issue 4, pages 873–911. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2012.00348.x/abstract 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cross-licensing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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